The Real-World Reading Practices of Adults

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Cecil Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Strategic Actions ◽  
Diary Method ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Text Information ◽  
Reading To Learn

This study used a diary method to obtain detailed information about the reading practices of a sample of adult readers with diverse educational and occupational experiences. Reading practices were identified in two principal settings, home and work. Participants were found to read periodicals and books at home both to engage in leisure and to perform a variety of functional tasks. They read informational materials, correspondence, and functional texts at work to perform workplace-related tasks. Readers' efforts at and enjoyment of the reading tasks they engaged in varied depending on the texts and purpose for reading. Several strategic actions were reported when adults were reading to learn and remember text information, but most readers relied on activation of prior knowledge, rereading of text, and note taking. The study also examined the role of the social contexts of age, educational attainment, and occupation in contributing to adult reading behavior. A significant three-way interaction was found between reading source, setting, and occupation only. The results support the findings of previous readership studies and further illustrate how specific social context factors account for differences in adults' reading practices.

scholarly journals Organizational Practices and Workplace Relationships in Precarious Work: New Survey Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
Workplace Relationships ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Regular Contact ◽  
Retail Workers

Organizational practices are important dimensions of the social contexts that shape relationship formation. In workplaces, the formation of relationships among coworkers are resources for personal outcomes, and they can be channels through which workers might identify common grievances, form workplace solidarity, and engage in collective action. Using a unique dataset of retail workers across the United States, The Shift Project, this paper examines two potential pathways by which organizational practices common in precarious jobs in the retail industry in the U.S. might shape the formation of workplace relationships. I find evidence of the role of both pathways: practices that limit the opportunities for regular contact and practices that negatively impact the conditions of contact among employees are both associated with fewer workplace ties. I discuss the implications of these findings for the study of collective action, and network ecology.

scholarly journals Social and Cultural Context Affecting the Activities of Women Painters of Pahlavi Era (1925-1978)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Azadeh Alipoor Heris ◽  
Abolghasem Dadvar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Cultural Foundations ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Different factors were affecting the presence of women during the Pahlavi era. In new structures after the constitutional period and along with the absolute modernism of Pahlavi, discourses changes were made based on democracy, socialism, Shia resistance and autonomy, court to government and political figures to people. During this period the role of women was formed on the basis of their social position and in their gender approach it changed from a <class in itself> to a <class for self>. The consequences of social contexts led to witness more active presence of women during Pahlavi era compared with the past periods particularly in the visual arts arena; so that the history of the Tehran galleries from 1953-1978 which reflects their activities during that time confirms this fact. The purpose of the present essay is to analyze the social contexts which have attracted women from margin to the center and attending to them since no study has been done in this respect seems essential and it’s an attempt to answer the question that what social contexts have been influential in boosting up the presence of women especially women painters of Pahlavi era? In this research the data collect is library type and filed study and it has been compiled in a comparative descriptive-analytic method, the origin and social contexts of the women painters of the Pahlavi era whose works were displayed were studied and analyzed and it can be inferred that the presence of supportive men in families, education, social context, urban life, publicizing the culture thanks to the cultural foundations and media, the actual and legal presence of the queen, government support due to cultural policies, women social movements, and the transformation of the women role in twentieth century had decisive role on enhancing the social position of women particularly the role of the women painters of the second Pahlavi era.

A Qualitative Study on Friends and the Social Context of Sexual Victimization: Implications for Campus-Based Interventions

2020 ◽  
pp. 107780122095427
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Blayney ◽  
Tiffany Jenzer ◽  
Jennifer P. Read ◽  
Jennifer Livingston ◽  
Maria Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
The Social ◽  
Barriers To Implementation ◽  
College Drinkers

Sexual victimization (SV) risk can begin in social contexts, ones where friends are present, though it is unclear how friends might be integrated into SV prevention. Using focus groups, female college drinkers described (a) the role of friends in preventing SV, (b) the strategies friends use to reduce vulnerability, and (c) the barriers to implementation. Friends-based strategies (keeping tabs on one another, using signals to convey potential danger, interrupting escalating situations, taking responsibility for friends, relying on male friends) and barriers (intoxication, preoccupation, situation ambiguity, social consequences) were discussed. Interventions can draw on these strategies, but must address the critical barriers.

Esoteric as a Social Category

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Esoteric Knowledge

This chapter deals with the social contexts that determine esoteric content. Knowledge is not of itself esoteric; it is its socially recognized secrecy that makes it so. Names of angels are one example of this. Secrecy enhances value and power, both for the initiate and for the outsider. Problems in testing analyses of secret societies and the function of secret societies are explored. We look at control of knowledge and scribal secrecy and the role of writing in esoteric knowledge. The question of pseudepigraphy stands at the center of this discussion. Does it reflect some religious experience? Or is it an authority-conferring convention?

The Social Context

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Social

The seventh chapter argues for the importance of the social context in continuing to influence whether social cognition is engaged or not, and describes a version of the delayed sudden death virus outbreak thought experiment without the death and virus components, set in modern society. This chapter then reviews classical social psychological studies that illustrate the power of the social context in shaping social cognition and resulting behaviour. It describes different types of social contexts, and explores the role of consistency motives in guiding human behaviour. Finally, it makes an appeal for a spectrum metaphor for social behavior, rather than alternative metaphors that categorise the phenomenon too narrowly.

Does Stigma Moderate the Efficacy of Mental- and Behavioral-Health Interventions? Examining Individual and Contextual Sources of Treatment-Effect Heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142110438
Author(s):  
Mark L. Hatzenbuehler ◽  
John E. Pachankis
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Treatment Effect Heterogeneity ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Effect Heterogeneity ◽  
Stigma Experiences

In this article, we argue that stigma may be an important, but heretofore underrecognized, source of heterogeneity in treatment effects of mental- and behavioral-health interventions. To support this hypothesis, we review recent evidence from randomized controlled trials and spatial meta-analyses suggesting that stigma may predict not only who responds more favorably to these health interventions (i.e., individuals with more stigma experiences), but also the social contexts that are more likely to undermine intervention effects (i.e., communities with greater structural stigma). By highlighting the potential role of personal and contextual stigma in shaping response to interventions, our review paves the way for additional research.

Perceptions of Water Quality in First Nations Communities: Exploring the Role of Context

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Baird ◽  
Ryan Plummer ◽  
Diane Dupont ◽  
Blair Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Social Context ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Adaptive Governance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Drinking water quality problems are persistent and challenging for many of Canada's First Nations communities despite past and ongoing initiatives to improve the situation. These initiatives have often been employed without consideration for understanding the social context that is so critical for the development of appropriate water governance approaches. This article offers insights about the relationship between institutions for water governance and perceptions in three Ontario First Nations communities. Similarities among communities were particularly noticeable for gender where women valued water more highly and were less content with water quality. The findings presented here highlight potential impacts of displacement, gender, and water sources on perceptions of water quality and offer initial insights that indicate the need for further research to consider the potential for adaptive governance approaches that enhance fit between problem and social contexts.

Effects of Education, Occupation, and Setting on Reading Practices

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Guthrie ◽  
Mary Seifert ◽  
Irwin S. Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Educational Planning ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Qualitative Studies ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Occupational Category ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reading Activities

Reading activities contribute to individual and societal development, according to qualitative studies. Hypotheses regarding the social contexts of reading activities were tested in two studies. Social context was operationalized in terms of educational environment, occupational category, and the settings of work and leisure. Significant three-way interactions were found between (a) education, setting, and the contents (subject matters) of reading (p < .001); and (b) occupation, setting, and reading contents (p < .001). Because social contexts influence reading practices they should be considered in educational planning.

scholarly journals SCHEDULED CASTE STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Bushan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Indian Higher Education

Ever since Indian higher education system treats education as a public good inevitably then it belongs to social sector. For years together it has been trying its level best to uplift the weaker section of our Indian society. This paper explore the barrier and enabler, identifies and analyses the social, personal, economic and educational problems Of the Scheduled Castes students (SCs) with reference to those who are pursuing and who did not pursue the higher education in their social contexts. The paper will focus on the higher education and Scheduled Caste in Indian and Jammu and Kashmir context and the role of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar in affirmative action in India. The rationale behind this paper is to analyze the barriers faced by SC students for not pursuing higher education, and to analyze the enablers which enable them to pursue higher education successfully. Paper will also highlight how some of the scheduled castes students successfully overcome to these issues and others failed in doing so. The data was collected through interview and analyze.

scholarly journals Communication by unvoiced speech: the role of whispering

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Cirillo
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private Domain ◽  
Close Distance ◽  
Distance Signal

Most studies on whispering deal with its production and perception, neglecting its communicative role. I have focused on this, especially some social and psychobiological objectives. I have combined a general inquiry into the use of unvoiced speech with stimulus-response experiments on particular signal properties. (1) Analyses of answers to queries revealed that judgments about whispering depend on the social contexts. In the private domain it plays a clearly positive role, but in the public domain it is more problematical. Two causative factors were identified as relevant: (a) an 'ingroup' function of whispering which could induce negative 'outgroup' effects in co-listeners, and (b) a psychobiological component of whispering which could affect the auditory vigilance of co-listeners who were not addressed personally by the signaling, but often wanted to understand a whispered message. (2) Analyses of experimental data confirmed the relevance of these factors. Additionally, they showed that unvoiced speech has a limited transmission range, and is easily masked by background noise. Taken together, the results suggest that whispering is explained best as a close-distance signal adapted for private use among partners.

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