Word-Level Evidence of the Role of Phonological Decoding During Orthographic Learning: A Direct Test of the Item-Based Assumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jui Iva Chen ◽  
Robin Irey ◽  
Anne E. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Direct Test ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Orthographic Learning

Prosody in Automatic Speech Processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 632-645
Author(s):  
Anton Batliner ◽  
Bernd Möbius
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Short History ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Dialogue Acts ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Automatic speech processing (ASP) is understood as covering word recognition, the processing of higher linguistic components (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics), and the processing of computational paralinguistics (CP), which deals with speaker states and traits. This chapter attempts to track the role of prosody in ASP from the word level up to CP. A short history of the field from 1980 to 2020 distinguishes the early years (until 2000)—when the prosodic contribution to the modelling of linguistic phenomena, such as accents, boundaries, syntax, semantics, and dialogue acts, was the focus—from the later years, when the focus shifted to paralinguistics; prosody ceased to be visible. Different types of predictor variables are addressed, among them high-performance power features as well as leverage features, which can also be employed in teaching and therapy.

scholarly journals Hypothesis: A plastically-produced phenotype predicts host specialization and can precede subsequent mutations in bacteriophage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin S. Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
New Host ◽  
Restriction Modification

AbstractThe role of phenotypic plasticity in the evolution of new traits is controversial due to a lack of direct evidence. Phage host-range becomes plastic in the presence of restriction-modification (R-M) systems in their hosts. I modeled the evolution of phage host-range in the presence of R-M systems. The model makes two main predictions. First, that offspring of the first phage to gain a new methylation pattern by infecting a new host make up a disproportionate fraction of the subsequent specialist population, indicating that the plastically-produced phenotype is highly predictive of evolutionary outcome. Second, that the first phage gain this pattern is not always genetically distinct from other phages in the population. Taken together, these results suggest that plasticity could play a causal role on par with mutation during the evolution of phage host range. This uniquely tractable system could enable the first direct test of ‘plasticity first’ evolution.

scholarly journals Binarity in Prosodic Morphology and Elsewhere

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Mellesmoen ◽  
Suzanne Urbanczyk
Keyword(s):  
Prosodic Morphology ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Phonological Constraints ◽  
Complex Patterns

This paper explores the role of binarity in prosodic morphology by proposing that all representations are maximally binary branching, as stated in (1).(1) Binarity Hypothesis: All representations are maximally binary branching.Our evidence comes from examining patterns in which fission (Integrity violations) and fusion (Uniformity violations) of segments satisfies morphological and phonological constraints: multiple reduplication, haplology, coalescence, and breaking. Where there appears to be 1:3 or a 3:1 mapping between input and output segments, we propose that this must arise from two separate 1:2 or 2:1 mappings (perhaps at a stem and word level). We illustrate that a number of seemingly complex patterns of multiple reduplication in Salish, Wakashan and Uto-Aztecan languages follow naturally from the Binarity Hypothesis.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research: A state-of-the-art review of the method and findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Word Level ◽  
On Line ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie on-line processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho-and neurolinguistic techniques-eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs)-and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

scholarly journals Mate preferences toward agency and communion

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Marcin Moroń
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Potential Partner ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
Human Mating

Agency and communion constitute two fundamental dimensions of social perception. Universal dimensions of mate preferences represent both agentic and communal content, but a direct test of mate preferences toward agency and communion is lacking. The present study examined preferences toward agentic and communal traits in mate preferences among 206 heterosexual individuals (112 females), analysing the role of the target's sex and actor's sexual strategy. Results showed that women demonstrated higher expectations toward agentic and communal traits in a potential partner than men. Preference for agency in short-term relationships did not differ from preferences toward agency and communion in long-term relationships, but preferences toward communion of partner in short-term relationships was significantly lower. These results were discussed in light of the signaling role of agency and communion in human mating behavior.

Orthographic processing and children’s word reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. HÉLÈNE DEACON ◽  
ADRIAN PASQUARELLA ◽  
EVA MARINUS ◽  
TALISA TIMS ◽  
ANNE CASTLES
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Orthographic Knowledge ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Theories Of Reading ◽  
Orthographic Learning

ABSTRACTTheories of reading development generally agree that, in addition to phonological decoding, some kind of orthographic processing skill underlies the ability to learn to read words. However, there is a lack of clarity as to which aspect(s) of orthographic processing are key in reading development. We test here whether this is orthographic knowledge and/or orthographic learning. Whereas orthographic knowledge has been argued to reflect a child’s existing store of orthographic representations, orthographic learning is concerned with the ability to form these representations. In a longitudinal study of second- and third-grade students, we evaluate the relations between these two aspects of orthographic processing and word-reading outcomes. The results of our analyses show that variance captured by orthographic knowledge overlaps with that of word reading, to the point that they form a single latent word-reading factor. In contrast, orthographic learning is distinctive from this factor. Further, structural equation modeling demonstrates that early orthographic learning was related to gains in word reading skills. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of word-reading development.

Use of a lexical knowledge base for information access systems

Terminology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Magnini
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Information Access ◽  
Dialogue Systems ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level

The role of generic lexical resources as well as specialized terminology is crucial in the design of complex dialogue systems, where a human interacts with the computer using Natural Language. Lexicon and terminology are supposed to store information for several purposes, including the discrimination of semantic-ally inconsistent interpretations, the use of lexical variations, the compositional construction of a semantic representation for a complex sentence and the ability to access equivalencies across different languages. For these purposes it is necessary to rely on representational tools that are both theoretically motivated and operationally well defined. In this paper we propose a solution to lexical and terminology representation which is based on the combination of a linguistically motivated upper model and a multilingual WordNet. The upper model accounts for the linguistic analysis at the sentence level, while the multilingual WordNet accounts for lexical and conceptual relations at the word level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document