Using Difference in Differences to Estimate Damages in Healthcare Antitrust: A Case Study of Marshfield Clinic

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Forrest McCluer ◽  
Martha A. Starr
Keyword(s):  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Marshfield Clinic

scholarly journals Case Article—The RealPro Customer Benefits Program: Rekindling Shopper Loyalty Through a Subscription Service

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnd Huchzermeier ◽  
Jannik Wolters ◽  
Marcel Uphues
Keyword(s):  
Combine Data ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Retail Chain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Market Test ◽  
Subscription Service

In this case study, students combine data-based insights with strategic considerations to make fundamental business decisions at the German grocery retail chain Real. In response to dwindling numbers of customers and reduced revenues, Real developed the RealPro customer benefits program to achieve a quick turnaround. For a fixed annual fee, RealPro members receive substantial and permanent discounts of 20% on nonpromoted items from a broad range of food categories. Students employ data analytics methods to extract insights from the provided data set, which contains point-of-sale information from the actual market test of RealPro. Based on these insights, decisions concerning the rollout and design of the RealPro program must be made. We provide data analysis solutions in both Excel and R to analyze 75 thousand customer transactions. In the case extension, students can apply the difference-in-differences method and two covariate balancing algorithms for in-depth statistical analyses. For this purpose, we provide an additional unbalanced data set with 83 thousand transactions, on which the students can test and analyze propensity score matching and entropy balancing models.

scholarly journals Shall we chat? A statistical case study of chat reference utilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
Jiebei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chat Reference ◽  
Reference Service ◽  
The Difference

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the performance of a chat reference service implemented at an academic library in a private liberal arts college by gauging its impact on other forms of reference service in terms of usage volume, with a focus on research-related face-to-face reference questions. Design/methodology/approach Two statistical methods are used, namely, the difference-in-differences method and a simple moving average time series analysis, to analyze both the short-term and long-term impact brought by chat reference. Findings This study finds that the usage volume of the traditional face-to-face reference is significantly affected by chat reference in its first service year. The long-term analysis suggests that chat reference volume displays a significant declining trend (−2.06 per cent academic month) since its implementation. Yet, its usage volume relative to other reference services remains stable over time. Originality/value The findings in this case study will be of value to libraries with similar scale and institutional features that are also interested in assessing their chat reference service. In addition, this paper is the first to apply the difference-in-differences approach in the field of library science, and the two statistical methods adopted in this case study can be readily adapted and applied to other similar volume-based library assessment projects.

scholarly journals Breach of Trust: How Treaty Withdrawal Shapes Cooperation Among States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Averell Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The Universe

How does treaty withdrawal affect the prospects of international cooperation? One common explanation is that withdrawal causes states to develop reputations for unreliability. Another suggests that the consequences of withdrawal follow from its material costs. I argue, instead, that withdrawal shapes international cooperation through the breach of trust. When states exit treaties unilaterally, they violate the norm that agreements must be kept, undermining the foundation of trust upon which cooperation is based. As a result, treaty members begin to opt out of ratifying agreements with the withdrawing state whereas treaty non-members take no such action. I test this argument by applying a difference-in-differences design to an original dataset consisting of the universe of multilateral treaties recorded by the United Nations. I complement this statistical analysis with a case study of France's withdrawal from the NATO status of forces treaty. Throughout, I find evidence consistent with my theory. These findings point toward the important but overlooked interplay between norms and trust in shaping the evolution of multilateral cooperation.

scholarly journals Performance Audit: Applying the Principle of Effectiveness in a Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Luiz Gilberto Monclaro Mury
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Education Assessment ◽  
School Network ◽  
Performance Audit ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
The Impact

This article, based on a performance audit focused on the principle of effectiveness, aims at analyzing the impact resulting from the adoption of private textbooks for the primary school network of a municipality located in South of Brazil. For this, an assessment methodology known as difference-in-differences has been applied to data from the Brazilian Basic Education Assessment System, revealing the impact, on the municipality schools grades, for the use of textbook material other than those provided free of charge by the Federal government.

scholarly journals Adopting “Difference-in-Differences” Method to Monitor Crop Response to Agrometeorological Hazards with Satellite Data: A Case Study of Dry-Hot Wind

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Yuhan Rao ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
Licong Liu ◽  
Wenqing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Impact

Rapid changing climate has increased the risk of natural hazards and threatened global and regional food security. Near real-time monitoring of crop response to agrometeorological hazards is fundamental to ensuring national and global food security. However, quantifying crop responses to a specific hazard in the natural environment is still quite challenging, especially over large areas, due to the lack of tools to separate the independent impact of the hazard on crops from other confounding factors. In this study, we present a general difference-in-differences (DID) framework to monitor crop response to agrometeorological hazards at near real-time using widely accessible remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the DID framework, we applied it in quantifying the dry-hot wind impact on winter wheat in northern China as a case study using the VIs calculated from the MODIS data. The monitoring results for three years with varying severity levels of dry-hot events (i.e., 2007, 2013, and 2014) demonstrated that the framework can effectively detect winter wheat growing areas affected by dry-hot wind hazards. The estimated damage shows a notable relationship (R2 = 0.903, p < 0.001) with the dry-hot wind intensity calculated from meteorological data, suggesting the effectiveness of the method when field data on a large scale is not available for direct validation. The main advantage of this method is that it can effectively isolate the impact of a specific hazard (i.e., dry-hot wind in the case study) from the mixed signals caused by other confounding factors. This general DID framework is very flexible and can be easily extended to other natural hazards and crop types with proper adjustment. Not only can this framework improve the crop yield forecast but also it can provide near real-time assessment for farmers to adapt their farming practice to mitigate impacts of agricultural hazards.

scholarly journals Policy Implications of the Clean Heating Transition: A Case Study of Shanxi

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8431
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Lee ◽  
Moon Joon Kim ◽  
Jae-Seung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gas Plants

This study provides empirical evidence of the impact of recentralized governance on environmental performance by examining the implementation of a clean heating transition. It investigated the impact of a centralized clean heating transition on sulfur dioxide (SO2) levels in Shanxi province from January 2015 to March 2021. Using a difference-in-differences approach, this study found that the centralized clean heating transition led to a significant improvement in air quality; however, the excessive response of Shanxi province prevented adequate heating supply for residents. As a result, the Chinese government had to reverse its initial plans for a coal ban and the promotion of gas plants. This outcome implies that recentralization cannot control the autonomy of local governments in responding to and achieving the central targets, even though it may provide incentives to prioritize environmental issues. The recentralization proved to be ineffective, in contrast to what was theoretically anticipated, and even undermined the energy transition efforts.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

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