DIAGNOSTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE REFRIGERATION ELEMENTS AND WAYS OF INCREASING TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

The reliability of automotive equipment is its ability to perform constructively laid down functions without additional labor and material costs to maintain an able-bodied condition for a long time. Due to the fact that the quality of automotive equipment is characterized by its reliability and performance, increasing the level of reliability is an urgent task at the present stage of development of the technical operation of agricultural equipment. In addition, increasing the reliability of automotive vehicles is a promising way to reduce production costs, since the operation of more reliable equipment requires less labor and material costs. In the restored FS, the stabilization of the initial parameters during operation depends on many technological factors. The main reasons are those that greatly affect the reliability and have a wide range of characteristics under repair conditions. Changes in the technical condition of diesel engines during operation have a great impact on the indicators of fuel efficiency and toxicity of exhaust gases, with the former accounting for half of the resource consumption in agriculture. In order to achieve the necessary environmental and economic performance indicators of an autotractor diesel engine, its characteristics and fuel supply parameters should be adjusted in accordance with the operation and operating mode of the engine. Such a solution will make it possible to change the required parameters and characteristics, thereby ensuring the required nature of the flow of such fuel supply processes as spraying, mixture formation and combustion in each mode of operation. For efficient fuel injection into a diesel cylinder, it is necessary to have a significant reserve of fuel pump performance. Accordingly, a decrease in productivity can lead to a decrease in the amount of cycle feed. Based on the determination of the fuel consumption in the low pressure line of the system, the following tasks can be solved: - assess the technical condition of the fuel system in operation; - to optimize the balance of fuel supply in the experimental FS of the accumulating type and thereby reduce the power consumption for the operation of the system.

PENTINGNYA MENGETAHUI PERBEDAAN HARGA POKOK PENJUALAN PERUSAHAAN DAGANG DAN MANUFAKTUR

The problem faced by partners, namely the Dharma Pembangunan Scholarship Institute, is that students do not understand in depth the topics regarding cost of goods sold, but for a company, both a company and a manufacturing company, the cost of goods sold is important. Lecturers of the Faculty of Economics and Tarumanagara University offer solutions by providing training on the cost of goods sold in trading companies, supporting direct material costs, supporting direct labor costs, factory overhead costs (indirect production), total manufacturing costs, cost of goods manufactured, and prices. of sales in a manufacturing company. The target of this training is for the students of the Dharma Pembangunan Scholarship Institute to understand the cost of goods sold in trading and manufacturing companies. First, a survey was conducted and based on the survey, in order to discuss material about partners regarding the cost of goods sold in trading and manufacturing. The topic this time is a continuation of previous community service activities. Students have received different topics from the previous training. Furthermore, the lecturer prepares material in the form of theories and examples of what will be given to students. Training for students of the Dharma Pembangunan Scholarship Institute was carried out online because there were still obstacles to the corona virus pandemic (Covid-19). It is hoped that with this training students can understand how to determine the cost of goods sold in a manufacturing company. The activity ended with making SENAPENMAS articles as mandatory outputs, articles in the PINTAR media as additional outputs, posters, final reports, and financial reports on activities that had been carried out. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mitra yaitu Lembaga Beasiswa Dharma Pembangunan adalah para siswa siswi belum memahami secara mendalam topik mengenai penentuan harga pokok penjualan padahal bagi sebuah perusahaan, baik perusahaan dagang maupun perusahaan manufaktur, penentuan harga pokok penjualan sangatlah penting. Dosen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Tarumanagara menawarkan solusi dengan memberikan pelatihan mengenai penentuan harga pokok penjualan di perusahaan dagang, penentuan biaya bahan baku langsung, penentuan biaya tenaga kerja langsung, penentuan biaya overhead pabrik (biaya produksi tidak langsung), penentuan total biaya manufaktur, penentuan harga pokok produksi, dan penentuan harga pokok penjualan di perusahaan manufaktur. Target pelatihan ini adalah agar siswa siswi Lembaga Beasiswa Dharma Pembangunan dapat memahami penentuan harga pokok penjualan di perusahaan dagang dan manufaktur. Pertama-tama dilakukan survei terlebih dahulu dan berdasarkan survei, mitra meminta agar dapat dibahas materi mengenai penentuan harga pokok penjualan di perusahaan dagang dan manufaktur. Topik kali ini ialah kelanjutan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat sebelumnya. Siswa siswi sudah pernah mendapatkan topik yang berbeda dari pelatihan sebelumnya. Selanjutnya dosen mempersiapkan materi berupa teori maupun contoh soal yang akan diberikan kepada para siswa siswi. Pelatihan ke siswa siswi Lembaga Beasiswa Dharma Pembangunan dilakukan secara online dikarenakan masih ada kendala pandemi virus corona (Covid-19). Diharapkan dengan adanya pelatihan ini siswa siswi dapat memahami bagaimana menentukan harga pokok penjualan di perusahaan manufaktur. Kegiatan diakhiri dengan membuat artikel SENAPENMAS sebagai luaran wajib, artikel di media PINTAR sebagai luaran tambahan, poster, laporan akhir, dan laporan keuangan atas kegiatan yang telah dilakukan.

Gear shape optimization for non-circular gearing

The quality of gearings is largely decided by their geometric design. If the geometric design is incorrect, the reliability of the transmission will not be ensured even by the use of the highest quality materials. Conversely, sometimes excellent geometric gear design can save expensive material costs. The work describes the procedure of optimizing the geometric model of a non-standard elliptical gear eccentrically mounted with a continuously changing gear number for specific parameters.

Simulation of the electron beam welding process of a bimetallic ring by means of ANSYS

The article is devoted to modeling the process of electron beam welding in the manufacture of electric motors with a bimetallic ring used in biofuel preparation reactors. The main problem at the current stage of production is the choice of the technological mode of welding and the repeatability of the result. In this work, the authors simulate the welding of electric motors with a bimetallic ring under various technological modes in the ANSYS simulation environment in the process of electron beam welding. The result of the work will be a graphical representation of the temperature distribution on the surface of the product at various values of the technological parameters (electron beam current, welding speed and welding process time). Today, the choice of modes for a new technological process is carried out experimentally, which entails high material costs. The approach proposed by the authors allows, with minimal time and material costs, to select a technological mode for welding products from new alloys.

Automation and digitalization of healthy fruit and berry plants reproduction

High-quality planting material is a condition for increasing productivity and labor productivity in the cultivation of agricultural products. High-quality planting material is material that is free from harmful pathogens. The process of plant healing requires significant time and material costs. However, with the proper organization, plant healing can be significantly accelerated and cheapened. The main condition for accelerating this process is maximum automation and digitalization of all stages of clonal micropropagation. The article shows the results of many years of work on the cultivation of healthy planting material. Variants of possible improvement of planting stock recovery are proposed with the introduction of the necessary hardware and software at specific stages of recovery and reproduction.

Transcutaneous puncture of kidney cysts under ultrasound control

The article presents the results of the introduction of puncture drainage and sclerosis of kidney cysts under ultrasound guidance in the clinic. This technique refers to minimally invasive surgery, it is the least traumatic, does not lead to large material costs, is very reliable and effective. It is easy to perform in a hospital setting of any level. According to this method, 38 patients were treated in the hospital for five years.

PENGARUH RAW MATERIALS COST DAN DIRECT LABOR COST TERHADAP COST OF PRODUCTION PADA UMKM DI KOTA BATAM

The purpose of this study was to find out whether the cost of raw materials and direct labor costs had an effect on the increase in production. In this quantitative research two types of variables are used, namely the independent variable is Raw Material Cost, Direct Labor Cost and the dependent variable is Increased Production Results. Sampling is done by the technique used, namely purposive sampling. Data analysis using Classical Assumptions and Multiple Linear Regression methods. The results of the study were processed using SPSS 20, it can be seen that the Raw Material Cost has a tcount of 4.616 with a significance probability of 0.000, concluded that Raw Material Costs partially have a positive and significant effect on Increasing Production Cost of Direct Labor Costs has t count of 4.944 with a significance of 0,000 can be concluded that Direct Labor Costs partially have a positive and significant effect on Increasing Production Results. The F test shows the Fcount value of 71,270 and significance of 0,000b means that there is a significant effect between Raw Material Costs and Direct Labor Costs on Increasing Production Results.

Evaluating the economic efficiency of investment project for the technological process digitalization of light industry enterprises

Subject. The article considers the development of an algorithm for evaluating the effectiveness of an investment project for the digitalization of light industry enterprises from the perspective of various stakeholders. Objectives. The aim is to evaluate the economic efficiency of an investment project for the digitalization of the technological process of light industry companies from the position of various stakeholders. Methods. We employ the comparative analysis, statistical analysis, the net present value method, the investment analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Results. We review an investment project for digitalization of the technological process of a light industry company, determine the effects that will be obtained during the implementation of the investment project, provide calculations of these effects, and define changes in the labor and material costs of companies. Conclusions. The implementation of an investment project of light industry enterprises will affect two categories of costs: labor and material. The introduction of the technology will reduce time losses in the total amount of labor inputs of one item manufacture, therefore, the production staff will have free time to produce additional items. Material costs will be increased due to the introduction of RFID tags for each unit of products and materials for additional production. The maximum possible reduction of time losses is 50%, taking into account the capacity of OOO Sportego. The implementation of the investment project will be effective in case of reducing losses by at least 15% and not more than 50%.

Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

Breach of Trust: How Treaty Withdrawal Shapes Cooperation Among States

How does treaty withdrawal affect the prospects of international cooperation? One common explanation is that withdrawal causes states to develop reputations for unreliability. Another suggests that the consequences of withdrawal follow from its material costs. I argue, instead, that withdrawal shapes international cooperation through the breach of trust. When states exit treaties unilaterally, they violate the norm that agreements must be kept, undermining the foundation of trust upon which cooperation is based. As a result, treaty members begin to opt out of ratifying agreements with the withdrawing state whereas treaty non-members take no such action. I test this argument by applying a difference-in-differences design to an original dataset consisting of the universe of multilateral treaties recorded by the United Nations. I complement this statistical analysis with a case study of France's withdrawal from the NATO status of forces treaty. Throughout, I find evidence consistent with my theory. These findings point toward the important but overlooked interplay between norms and trust in shaping the evolution of multilateral cooperation.