Population landscape: a geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy

This study characterizes the climate structure in the Eastern United States for suitability of winegrape growth. For this study, the Eastern US is defined as the 44 contiguous Eastern most states. This excludes the premium wine growing states of California, Washington, Oregon and Idaho. For this characterization, a comparative study is performed on the four commonly used climate-viticulture indices (i.e., Average Growing Season Temperature, Growing Degree Days, Heliothermal Index and Biologically Effective Degree Days), and a new climate-viticulture index, the Modified-GSTavg (Mod-GSTavg). This is accomplished using the 1971 – 2000 PRISM 800-meter resolution dataset of climate temperature normal for the study area of 44 states and 62 American Viticultural Areas across the Eastern United States. The results revealed that all the climate indices have similar spatial patterns throughout the US with varying magnitudes and degrees of suitability.

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Effects of unequal capture probability on stock assessment abundance and mortality estimates: an example using the US Atlantic sea scallop fishery

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2016-0296 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

pp. 1904-1917 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Samuel B. Truesdell ◽

Deborah R. Hart ◽

Yong Chen

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Size Structure ◽

Stock Assessment ◽

Model Performance ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Fishing Mortality ◽

Placopecten Magellanicus ◽

Sea Scallop ◽

The Us

Most stock assessment models assume that the probability of capture for all individuals of the same size or age in the stock area is equal. However, this assumption is rarely, if ever, satisfied. We used spatially referenced simulations, based on the US Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery, to generate catch, survey index, fishing effort, and size structure data that we input into a (nonspatial) catch-at-size stock assessment model to estimate abundance and mortality rates. We show that spatial patterns in fishing mortality degrade model performance for sessile stocks. Fishing mortality tended to be overestimated and abundance underestimated because trends in fishing mortality were exaggerated and the model misestimated the numbers of larger individuals due to spatial fishing patterns. These results are particularly relevant to sedentary species such as scallops, but are applicable wherever strong spatial patterns exist in fishing mortality.

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Regulation, Competition, and Technology: The Restructuring of the US Commercial Banking System

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a190633 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 633-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

B P Holly

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Financial Services ◽

Government Regulation ◽

New Technology ◽

Banking System ◽

Commercial Banking ◽

Urban Hierarchy ◽

The Us ◽

Merger Process ◽

The Impact

The impact on the US commercial banking system of government regulation, of increased competition from other financial services sectors, and of new technology is examined in this paper. The banking industry is responding by creating the semblance of an interstate banking system through merger and acquisition. Multibank holding companies have forged regional banking organisations despite federal prohibitions. A model of the bank merger process is presented. In the spatial context, the possible consequences of this merger process include reduction in the number of banks and branch offices, migration of banking functions up the urban hierarchy, and outflow of funds from small cities and rural areas towards regionally important cities and the international market.

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Sentiment Analyses of Twitter for Winter Storm Leo

International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management ◽

10.4018/ijdrem.2021070104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 46-63

Author(s):

Seungil Yum

Keyword(s):

Natural Disasters ◽

Natural Disaster ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Winter Storm ◽

Us States ◽

The Us ◽

Disaster Preparation ◽

Response And Recovery ◽

Positive Sentiment ◽

Negative Sentiment

This study sheds new light on sentiment analysis of Twitter for natural disasters according to a magnitude of the importance of information and a multitude of regions and periods. First, this study finds that a winter storm plays a more important role in positive sentiment than negative sentiment based on the magnitude of the importance of information and the number of tweets. Second, people are more interested in sharing information about the weather, such as forecasts and reports, rather than the positive or negative sentiment according to the winter storm. Third, people actively utilize their Twitter for disaster preparation, response, and recovery. Fourth, the spatial patterns of the proportion of tweets in the US states are differentiated by weeks. The results show that governments should develop natural disaster policies by understanding a multitude of human responses, needs, regional characteristics, and periods.

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U.S. State-level Projections of the Spatial Distribution of Population Consistent with Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamidreza Zoraghein ◽

Brian C. O’Neill

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Important Determinant ◽

State Level ◽

Population Projections ◽

Development Patterns ◽

The Us ◽

Alternative Scenarios ◽

Aggregate Population ◽

Population Urbanization

Spatial population distribution is an important determinant of both drivers of regional environmental change and exposure and vulnerability to it. Spatial projections of population must account for changes in aggregate population, urbanization, and spatial patterns of development, while accounting for uncertainty in each. While an increasing number of projections exist, those carried out at relatively high resolution that account for subnational heterogeneity and can be tailored to represent alternative scenarios of future development are rare. We draw on state-level population projections for the US and a gravity-style spatial downscaling model to design and produce new spatial projections for the U.S. at 1 km resolution consistent with a subset of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), scenarios of societal change widely used in integrated analyses of global and regional change. We find that the projections successfully capture intended alternative development patterns described in the SSPs, from sprawl to concentrated development and mixed outcomes. Our projected spatial patterns differ more strongly across scenarios than in existing projections, capturing a wider range of the relevant uncertainty introduced by the distinct scenarios. These projections provide an improved basis for integrated environmental analysis that considers uncertainty in demographic outcomes.

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NO<sub><I>x</I></sub> lifetimes and emissions of hotspots in polluted background estimated by satellite observations

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-15-24179-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (17) ◽

pp. 24179-24215 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. Liu ◽

S. Beirle ◽

Q. Zhang ◽

S. Dörner ◽

K. B. He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Wind Fields ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

The Us ◽

Calm Wind ◽

Global Inventory ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract. We present a new method to quantify NOx emissions and corresponding atmospheric lifetimes from OMI NO2 observations together with ECMWF wind fields without further model input for sources located in polluted background. NO2 patterns under calm wind conditions are used as proxy for the spatial patterns of NOx emissions, and the effective atmospheric NOx lifetime is determined from the change of spatial patterns measured at larger wind speeds. Emissions are subsequently derived from the NO2 mass above background integrated around the source of interest. Lifetimes and emissions are estimated for 17 power plants and 53 cities located in non-mountainous regions across China and the US. The derived lifetimes for non-mountainous sites are 3.8 ± 1.0 h on average with ranges of 1.8 to 7.5 h. The derived NOx emissions show generally good agreement with bottom-up inventories for power plants and cities. Global inventory significantly underestimated NOx emissions in Chinese cities, most likely due to uncertainties associated with downscaling approaches.

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The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1017/s107311050000749x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 181-184

Author(s):

Amy Garrigues

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Court Decisions ◽

Patent Holder ◽

Trial Court ◽

Court Of Appeals ◽

The Us ◽

Antitrust Laws ◽

Per Se ◽

Appeals Court ◽

Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

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