Europeanization and party system mechanics: comparing Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro

In 2015, Kosovo tried to join UNESCO and failed by three quotes. Is Kosovo ready for its UNESCO membership? At least for its national architectural heritage, this question is to answer with no. The intensively discussed issue of the medieval monuments of Kosovo inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage by Serbia and Montenegro before the declaration of independency in 2008 and their further management through Kosovo is just one aspect. More troubling is that the rather young state not yet could establish sufficient structures to gain a systematic inventory of its monuments, sites and historic ensembles, nor to extract a tentative list for UNESCO out of such an encompassing inventory. This article intends to clarify the definitions of World Heritage, the institutions and NGO’s involved, the mechanisms and philosophies behind. What is the urgent homework for Kosovo? Which national and international groups of experts Kosovo has to name and make responsible for the systemic inventory of its architectural heritage and for creating a tentative list? What is the role and importance of ICOMOS in that process? Which other stakeholders have to be Identified and educated towards that issue?</p><p>Based on such general considerations the author tries to design finally a preliminary tentative list for the architectural heritage of Kosovo. Hence, not the list itself is of importance but the discussion of the pro and contra arguments for single candidates.

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Cinematic Search for Identity in the Shade of Turkey’s 1960 Coup: The Social Realism Debate and The Hope

BORDER CROSSING ◽

10.33182/bc.v7i1.483 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 153-168

Author(s):

Celal Hayir ◽

Ayman Kole

Keyword(s):

Party System ◽

Social Realism ◽

New Era ◽

Cultural Life ◽

The Social ◽

Turkish Cinema ◽

To Come ◽

First Time ◽

Democratic Constitution ◽

Realism Debate

When the Turkish army seized power on May 27th, 1960, a new democratic constitution was carried into effect. The positive atmosphere created by the 1961 constitution quickly showed its effects on political balances in the parliament and it became difficult for one single party to come into power, which strengthened the multi-party-system. The freedom initiative created by 1961’s constitution had a direct effect on the rise of public opposition. Filmmakers, who generally steered clear from the discussion of social problems and conflicts until 1960, started to produce movies questioning conflicts in political, social and cultural life for the first time and discussions about the “Social Realism” movement in the ensuing films arose in cinematic circles in Turkey. At the same time, the “regional managers” emerged, and movies in line with demands of this system started to be produced. The Hope (Umut), produced by Yılmaz Güney in 1970, rang in a new era in Turkish cinema, because it differed from other movies previously made in its cinematic language, expression, and use of actors and settings. The aim of this study is to mention the reality discussions in Turkish cinema and outline the political facts which initiated this expression leading up to the film Umut (The Hope, directed by Yılmaz Güney), which has been accepted as the most distinctive social realist movie in Turkey.

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Continuity and Change in India's Party System

Asian Survey ◽

10.1525/as.1970.10.11.01p00472 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 937-948 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rajni Kothari

Keyword(s):

Party System ◽

Continuity And Change

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The Evolutionary Dynamics of Decision Rule Selection

10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Laver ◽

Ernest Sergenti

Keyword(s):

Decision Rule ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Party System ◽

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Past Performance ◽

Party Leaders ◽

Track Record ◽

Long Run ◽

Survival Of The Fittest

This chapter extends the survival-of-the-fittest evolutionary environment to consider the possibility that new political parties, when they first come into existence, do not pick decision rules at random but instead choose rules that have a track record of past success. This is done by adding replicator-mutator dynamics to the model, according to which the probability that each rule is selected by a new party is an evolving but noisy function of that rule's past performance. Estimating characteristic outputs when this type of positive feedback enters the dynamic model creates new methodological challenges. The simulation results show that it is very rare for one decision rule to drive out all others over the long run. While the diversity of decision rules used by party leaders is drastically reduced with such positive feedback in the party system, and while some particular decision rule is typically prominent over a certain period of time, party systems in which party leaders use different decision rules are sustained over substantial periods.

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The Influence of Modern Party System on the Development of Parliamentarism in Russia: Institutional, Political and Psychological Aspects

Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” ◽

10.24030/24092517-2018-0-4-266-273 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 266-273

Author(s):

Ivan S. Palitai

Keyword(s):

Public Opinion ◽

Party System ◽

Psychological Aspects ◽

Political Activity ◽

The Public ◽

Political Processes ◽

The People ◽

Voting System ◽

New Ideas ◽

Opinion Polls

The article is devoted to the modern Russian party system. In the first part of the article, the author shows the historical features of the parties formation in Russia and analyzes the reasons for the low turnout in the elections to the State Duma in 2016. According to the author the institutional reasons consist in the fact that the majority of modern political parties show less and less ability to produce new ideas, and the search for meanings is conducted on the basis of the existing, previously proposed sets of options. Parties reduce the topic of self-identification in party rhetoric, narrowing it down to “branded” ideas or focusing on the image of the leader. In addition, the author shows the decrease in the overall political activity of citizens after the 2011 elections, and points out that the legislation amendments led to the reduction of the election campaigns duration and changes in the voting system itself. The second part of the article is devoted to the study of the psychological aspects of the party system. The author presents the results of the investigation of images of the parties as well as the results of the population opinion polls, held by the centers of public opinion study. On the basis of this data, the author concludes that according to the public opinion the modern party system is ineffective, and the parties don’t have real political weight, which leads to the decrease of the interest in their activities and confidence in them. The author supposes that all this may be the consequence of the people’s fatigue from the same persons in politics, but at the same time the electorate’s desire to see new participants in political processes is formulated rather vaguely, since, according to the people, this might not bring any positive changes.

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Bipartisanship as Possible Alternative of Russian Political System Evolution

Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” ◽

10.24030/24092517-2018-0-4-256-265 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 256-265

Author(s):

Konstantin V. Simonov ◽

Stanislav P. Mitrakhovich

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Detailed Analysis ◽

Political System ◽

Party System ◽

Political Competition ◽

The United States ◽

Point Of View ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Practical Advice ◽

Simultaneous Separation

The article examines the possibility of transfer to bipartisan system in Russia. The authors assess the benefits of the two-party system that include first of all the ensuring of actual political competition and authority alternativeness with simultaneous separation of minute non-system forces that may contribute to the country destabilization. The authors analyze the accompanying risks and show that the concept of the two-party system as the catalyst of elite schism is mostly exaggerated. The authors pay separate attention to the experience of bipartisan system implementation in other countries, including the United States. They offer detailed analysis of the generated concept of the bipartisanship crisis and show that this point of view doesn’t quite agree with the current political practice. The authors also examine the foreign experience of the single-party system. They show that the success of the said system is mostly insubstantial, besides many of such systems have altered into more complex structures, while commentators very often use not the actual information but the established myths about this or that country. The authors also offer practical advice regarding the potential technologies of transition to the bipartisan system in Russia.

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