Do Children Find Movements Which Cross the Body Midline Difficult?

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Body Side ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Cerebral Insult

Young children asked to make hand movements which cross the body are likely to respond with a movement confined to the same body side as the hand used. This crosslateral inhibition effect (CIE) features in Kephart's (1971) perceptualmotor theory; there is an extensive, earlier, literature on CIE in adults following cerebral insult; since the twenties, attempts have been made to relate developmental, clinical and neuropathological findings. In the present study 120 children aged from 3 to 8 years faced and copied hand movements of a model in a procedure following Head's (1920) Hand, Eye and Ear Test. CIE was confirmed, but differences between groups did not convincingly relate to age. CIE was greatest not at 3, 4 or 5 but at 6 years; further, 4-year-olds subjects made more preferred hand crosslateral responses than any other group. Analysis of imitation performance showed that older subjects applied a “proximity” strategy to both body part touched and hand use, whereas younger subjects disregarded the latter. It is argued that developmental CIE stems from procedural constraints and an agerelated choice of response strategy, and not learning related to a lateral bifurcation of perceptual-motor organization.

Hand Movements Which Cross the Body Midline: Findings Relating Age Differences to Handedness

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Body Midline ◽  
Inhibition Effect

Performance of 200 children (5 groups, 4 to 12 yr.) in an experimental study of spatial development was analyzed in terms of hand preference and differences in laterality of response. In accord with the literature a cross-lateral inhibition effect was confirmed but there were marked differences between hands. The supposed ‘body midline’ seemed to offer more resistance to one hand than to the other. Alternative explanations are suggested.

scholarly journals Are Agatha, Dashiell, and Arthur alive? Assessing the link between hand movements and false intentions

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Sanches Baêna
Keyword(s):  
Truth Condition ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Airport Security ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Security Checks

Background: With the ever-increasing political, ideological and social tension which followed 9/11, crime prevention stands as an issue of major relevance. The development of the ability to accurately detect statements of false intent is of great societal and legal value. It could aid intelligence services in preventing crimes (e.g., terrorist threats) and security services in reinforcing their protocols (e.g., airport security checks, parole hearings, and border control).Goals: To examine the associations between hand movements and false intentions in adults.Methods: Using a laboratory-based variation of the ‘Portsmouth design’, 23 students completed a questionnaire about their intentions to travel in the near future. Participants with a planned trip were placed in the truth tellers’ condition (n = 12). Those who did not have a planned trip were placed in the liars’ condition (n = 11). Based on the main theoretical approaches, three hypotheses were proposed. Hypothesis 1 advocated a decrease in the three categories of illustrators (movements interconnected to speech that serve to illustrate what is being verbally said) in liars, as compared to the truth tellers. Hypothesis 2 also suggested a decrease in the category of subtle hand and finger movements in the lying condition, comparatively with the truth condition. Finally, hypothesis 3 proposed a lack of significant differences between liars and truth-tellers in the five categories of self-adaptors (movements in which one part of the body does something to another body part, such as scratching the ear or squeezing the hands).Results: Hypothesis 1 was partially supported. The general and the unilateral categories of illustrators decreased in the case of the liars, as compared to the truth tellers; however, the bilateral category of illustrators slightly increased in the lying condition, in comparison with truth telling. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were fully supported. Discussion: Apart from the slight increase of bilateral illustrators in the case of the liars, all the results are in accordance with the empirical findings on deception research about past events. This similarity is noteworthy, considering the cognitive differences between lies about past events and lies about future events.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

The Easter Bunny in October: Is it Disguised as a Duck?

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brugger ◽  
Susanne Brugger
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Older Subjects

To study the influence of motivational expectancy on perception, the ambiguous drawing of a duck/rabbit was shown to 265 subjects on Easter and to 276 subjects in October. The ambiguous drawing, though perceived as a bird by a majority of subjects in October, was most frequently named a bunny on Easter. This biasing effect of expectancy upon perception was observed for young children (2 to 10 years) as well as for older subjects (11 to 93 years).

Maximizing Recall of Gruesome Images for Health Effects Advertising: An Experimental Investigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brennen W. Mills ◽  
Owen B. J. Carter ◽  
Robert J. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Video Images ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this case study was to experimentally manipulate the impact on arousal and recall of two characteristics frequently occurring in gruesome depictions of body parts in smoking cessation advertisements: the presence or absence of an external physical insult to the body part depicted; whether or not the image contains a clear figure/ground demarcation. Three hundred participants (46% male, 54% female; mean age 27.3 years, SD = 11.4) participated in a two-stage online study wherein they viewed and responded to a series of gruesome 4-s video images. Seventy-two video clips were created to provide a sample of images across the two conditions: physical insult versus no insult and clear figure/ground demarcation versus merged or no clear figure/ground demarcation. In stage one, participants viewed a randomly ordered series of 36 video clips and rated how “confronting” they considered each to be. Seven days later (stage two), to test recall of each video image, participants viewed all 72 clips and were asked to identify those they had seen previously. Images containing a physical insult were consistently rated more confronting and were remembered more accurately than images with no physical insult. Images with a clear figure/ground demarcation were rated as no more confronting but were consistently recalled with greater accuracy than those with unclear figure/ground demarcation. Makers of gruesome health warning television advertisements should incorporate some form of physical insult and use a clear figure/ground demarcation to maximize image recall and subsequent potential advertising effectiveness.

Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Body Image Disturbances

Despite much recent interest in the objective measurement of body image in anorexia nervosa, many questions remain regarding basic mechanisms responsible for the findings as well as their meaning in the disorder. It is unclear if “whole body” measures assess the same underlying phenomena as the “body part” method, and it is unclear if body image disturbances are etiologic or a byproduct of anorexia nervosa. The possible association between self-esteem and body satisfaction and the relationship of the latter variable to actual size estimation supports the hypothesis that size perception may be closely tied to satisfaction with non-physical aspects of self. Finally it must be determined if over estimation is a function of a general psychological disturbance or of a deficit of specific interest in this disorder. Despite these questions, the way in which anorexic patients see themselves as well as the cognitive and affective responses to this perception remains an interesting and potentially fruitful area of study with this disorder.

‘Hand mechanogram’ in epilepsia partialis continua

2021 ◽  
pp. practneurol-2021-003041
Author(s):  
Philippe A Salles ◽  
Alberto J Espay
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Frontal Lesion ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Epilepsia Partialis Continua ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Right Hand

Epilepsia partialis continua manifests as low-frequency, rhythmic involuntary movements of a focal body part. We report a young man, HIV-positive and with syphilis, who developed right-hand epilepsia partialis continua associated with a small left-sided cortico-subcortical frontal lesion. A pen and paper test provided ‘mechanographic’ data on frequency, amplitude and rhythmicity of the hand movements, helping distinguish it from other causes of low-frequency repetitive hand movements.

scholarly journals Diagnostic significance of clinical and para-clinical signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Pasik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Gallbladder Dyskinesia

Annotation. Respiratory diseases are relevant in pediatric practice, which is associated with its widespread and frequent complications, especially in young children. The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of clinical symptoms, laboratory and ultra-sonographic parameters in pneumonia in children of the first 3 years of life. A retrospective study of medical records of 218 children who were hospitalized in the department for young children diagnosed with pneumonia for the period from 2016 to 2018. The average age of children was 11.67±9.97 months and it was within the range from 1 month to 3 years. The ration of boys and girls was practically identical (51.8% and 48.2% accordingly). The first group included children aged under one year (the average age is 4.57±0.84 months; n=88). The second group included children aged from 1 to 3 years (the average age is 18.2±4.25 months; n=130). To characterize the information content of clinical and laboratory symptoms the study has used objective parameters defined as the operational characteristics of tests. The most important operational characteristics of diagnostic methods included: sensitivity (Se, sensitivity) and specificity (Sp, specificity). To check the statistical hypothesis on differences of absolute and relative frequencies, fractions, and ratios in two independent samples, the criteria of хі-square (χ2) was used. While detailing an anamnesis, the disease was more often related to untimely treatment and outpatient care. Various data were obtained on the absolute and relative risk, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the localization of pneumonia depending on age. Therefore, the incidence of bilateral pneumonia was considered an indicator of risk. On admission to hospital, the body temperature of patients was 38.2±0.66°С. Most of the complaints were on the unproductive or productive cough. Besides, in some cases, shortness of breath and runny nose were mentioned. Thus, in young children with pneumonia, a diagnostically significant clinical symptom is a bilateral lung impression (82.6%), compared with right-handed (15.1%) and left-handed (2.3%), which is significantly more common in children under 1-th year of life compared with patients 1–3 years; laboratory features are probably higher levels of liver-specific enzymes – ALT and AST in children under 1 year; ultrasonographic indicators associated with the presence of pneumonia in young children include increased liver size, gallbladder deformity, the presence of sediment in the gallbladder, dyskinesia of the biliary tract, thickening of the gallbladder wall; children under 1 year of age have a risk of liver enlargement and biliary dyskinesia.

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