Processing of global and local information in memory

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Nicoletti ◽  
Remo Job
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Capital Letter ◽  
Global And Local

The experiments reported in this paper were designed to test how global and local information are processed by the memory system. When subjects are required to match a given letter with either a previously presented large capital letter or the small capital letters comprising it, (1) responses to the global level (i.e. the big letter) are faster than responses to the local level (i.e. the small letters), and (2) responses to the latter level only are affected by the consistency between the large and the small letters (Experiment 2), a pattern similar to that obtained in perception (Experiment 1). Such results obtain when subjects are required to attend to only one level with a short ISI between the first and second stimulus, but not when a longer ISI is used (Experiment 5) or when subjects are required to attend to both levels at the same time (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are discussed in the light of a model that postulates a temporal precedence of the global information over the local one at the perceptual level.

Do You Want to See the Tree? Ignore the Forest

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Poirel ◽  
Claire Sara Krakowski ◽  
Sabrina Sayah ◽  
Arlette Pineau ◽  
Olivier Houdé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Hierarchical Stimuli ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
The One

The visual environment consists of global structures (e.g., a forest) made up of local parts (e.g., trees). When compound stimuli are presented (e.g., large global letters composed of arrangements of small local letters), the global unattended information slows responses to local targets. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether inhibition is required to process hierarchical stimuli when information at the local level is in conflict with the one at the global level. The results show that when local and global information is in conflict, global information must be inhibited to process local information, but that the reverse is not true. This finding has potential direct implications for brain models of visual recognition, by suggesting that when local information is conflicting with global information, inhibitory control reduces feedback activity from global information (e.g., inhibits the forest) which allows the visual system to process local information (e.g., to focus attention on a particular tree).

On the Different Processing of Wholes and Parts: A Psychophysiological Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihui Han ◽  
Silu Fan ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Yan Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Global Precedence ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Compound Stimuli ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Local Levels

The global precedence hypothesis (Navon, 1977) assumes that the processing of the global level of a hierarchical pattern precedes that of the local level. To explore further the nature of global and local processing of compound stimuli, we recorded the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) associated with ident@ing the global and local levels of nonlinguistic compound stimuli in a selective attention task. Wile subjects' behavioral responses were similar to those observed by Navon (1977), the analyses of ERP data showed that identification of the local level elicited longer N2 and P3 peak latencies with enhanced N2 and decreased P3 amplitudes relative to the identification of the global level. The inconsistency between the global and local levels made N2 and P3 amplitudes more negative with longer peak latencies. This interference effect on N2 and P3 amplitude and P3 latency was stronger on the local level than on the global level. The modulation of N2 by the consistency of the global and local levels observed in this and the previous (Heinze, Muente, et al., 1994) study suggests that the interference effect may be mediated by the early perceptual processing. Moreover, we found that the amplitude of an early posterior P1 component was modulated by attention to the global and local levels, being larger to the local target than to the global one. This PI effect gives no support to the notion that the variation of attentional spotlight determines the global precedence effect.

scholarly journals Global and Local Information Adjustment for Semantic Similarity Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2161
Author(s):  
Tak-Sung Heo ◽  
Jong-Dae Kim ◽  
Chan-Young Park ◽  
Yu-Seop Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Weight Parameter ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Question And Answering

Semantic similarity evaluation is used in various fields such as question-and-answering and plagiarism testing, and many studies have been conducted into this problem. In previous studies using neural networks to evaluate semantic similarity, similarity has been measured using global information of sentence pairs. However, since sentences do not only have one meaning but a variety of meanings, using only global information can have a negative effect on performance improvement. Therefore, in this study, we propose a model that uses global information and local information simultaneously to evaluate the semantic similarity of sentence pairs. The proposed model can adjust whether to focus more on global information or local information through a weight parameter. As a result of the experiment, the proposed model can show that the accuracy is higher than existing models that use only global information.

Community detection in dynamic social networks: A local evolutionary approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ebrahim Samie ◽  
Ali Hamzeh
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Graph Mining ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Dynamic Social Networks ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Mining Tools

Communities in social networks are groups of individuals who are connected with specific goals. Discovering information on the structure, members and types of changes of communities have always been of great interest. Despite the extensive global researches conducted on these, discovery has not been confirmed yet and researchers try to find methods and improve estimated techniques by using Data Mining tools, Graph Mining tools and artificial intelligence techniques. This paper proposes a novel two-phase approach based on global and local information to detect communities in social network. It explores the global information in the first phase and then exploits the local information in the second phase to discover communities more accurately. It also proposes a novel algorithm which exploits the local information and mines deeply for the second phase. Experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance and achieves more accurate results compared with the previous ones.

Visual perception without awareness in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy: Impaired explicit but not implicit processing of global information

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. VINCENT FILOTEO ◽  
FRANCES J. FRIEDRICH ◽  
CATHERINE RABBEL ◽  
JOHN L. STRICKER
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Posterior Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Implicit Processing

A patient with progressive posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) was examined on several tests of visual cognition. The patient displayed multiple visual cognitive deficits, which included problems identifying degraded stimuli, attending to two or more stimuli simultaneously, recognizing faces, tracing simple visual stimuli, matching simple shapes, and copying objects. The patient was also impaired in identifying visual targets contained at the global level within global–local stimuli (i.e., smaller letters that compose a larger letter). Although the patient denied any conscious awareness of the global form, he nevertheless displayed a normal pattern of global interference when asked to identify local level targets. Thus, the patient processed the global information despite not being consciously aware of such information. These results suggest that global–local processing can take place in the absence of awareness. Possible neurocognitive mechanisms explaining this dissociation are discussed. (JINS, 2002, 8, 461–472.)

scholarly journals The ability to listen in fourth graders. Diagnosis attempt

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 39-61
Author(s):  
Marta U. Chyb
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Listening Skills ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Global And Local

The subject of this article is to present the results of the research aimed at diagnosing the level of listening skills of 4th grade students. The study was conducted on a sample of 210 students from eight primary schools in Opole. An original test based on a popular song was used for the diagnosis. It consisted in checking the mastery of selected receptive and productive skills (both at a global and local level). The research shows that receptive skills are better mastered by fourth graders than productive ones. As part of their receptive skills, students are good at understanding the song at a global level, while it is difficult for them to understand the text at the local level. In turn, as part of productive skills, the tendency is reversed: for those under examination it is easier to use detailed information from the text in practice than sense it over. The obtained research results help to answer the question as to which perceptive skills should be developed as part of the Polish language educa-tion to prepare students for competent listening in out-of-school situations.

scholarly journals A Study of OWA Operators Learned in Convolutional Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7195
Author(s):  
Iris Dominguez-Catena ◽  
Daniel Paternain ◽  
Mikel Galar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Owa Operator ◽  
Owa Operators ◽  
Ordered Weighted Averaging

Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operators have been integrated in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image classification through the OWA layer. This layer lets the CNN integrate global information about the image in the early stages, where most CNN architectures only allow for the exploitation of local information. As a side effect of this integration, the OWA layer becomes a practical method for the determination of OWA operator weights, which is usually a difficult task that complicates the integration of these operators in other fields. In this paper, we explore the weights learned for the OWA operators inside the OWA layer, characterizing them through their basic properties of orness and dispersion. We also compare them to some families of OWA operators, namely the Binomial OWA operator, the Stancu OWA operator and the exponential RIM OWA operator, finding examples that are currently impossible to generalize through these parameterizations.

Resource access mechanisms in networks and SME survival in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Acheampong ◽  
Raphael Odoom ◽  
Thomas Anning-Dorson ◽  
Patrick Amfo Anim
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Directed Network ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Hole ◽  
One Year ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Access Mechanisms ◽  
Global Influence

Purpose The study aims to determine the resource access mechanism in inter-firm networks that aids SME survival in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The authors collect census data on a poultry cluster in Ghana and construct a directed network. The network is used to extract direct and indirect ties both incoming and outgoing, as well as estimate the structural holes of the actors. These variables are used to estimate for survival of SMEs after a one-year period using a binary logit model. Findings The study finds that out-indirect ties and structural hole have a significant influence on SME survival. This works through the global influence and the vision advantage that these positions and ties offer the SMEs. Originality/value The study offers SMEs a choice of whom to collaborate with for information (resources) in the form of outgoing and incoming ties at both the global and local level.

scholarly journals A Self-Orgnizing Model for Peer-to-Peer Systems using Trust Relations

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5394-5397
Author(s):  
Sourabh S. Mahajan ◽  
S.K. Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Trust Network ◽  
Trust Relationship ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trust Relationships ◽  
Peer To Peer Systems ◽  
Information Trustworthiness

Peer-to-Peer systems enables the interactions of peers to accomplish tasks. Attacks of peers with malicious can be reduced by establishing trust relationship among peers. In this paper we presents algorithms which helps a peer to reason about trustworthiness of other peers based on interactions in the past and recommendations. Local information is used to create trust network of peers and does not need to deal with global information. Trustworthiness of peers in providing services can be describedby Service metric and recommendation metric. Parameters considered for evaluating interactions and recommendations are Recentness, Importance and Peer Satisfaction. Trust relationships helps a good peer to isolate malicious peers.

scholarly journals Memory-Augmented Transformer for Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4518
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Jiayi Guo ◽  
Yueting Zhang ◽  
Yirong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Local Feature ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Global Representation ◽  
Local Feature Extraction ◽  
Global And Local

The semantic segmentation of remote sensing images requires distinguishing local regions of different classes and exploiting a uniform global representation of the same-class instances. Such requirements make it necessary for the segmentation methods to extract discriminative local features between different classes and to explore representative features for all instances of a given class. While common deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) can effectively focus on local features, they are limited by their receptive field to obtain consistent global information. In this paper, we propose a memory-augmented transformer (MAT) to effectively model both the local and global information. The feature extraction pipeline of the MAT is split into a memory-based global relationship guidance module and a local feature extraction module. The local feature extraction module mainly consists of a transformer, which is used to extract features from the input images. The global relationship guidance module maintains a memory bank for the consistent encoding of the global information. Global guidance is performed by memory interaction. Bidirectional information flow between the global and local branches is conducted by a memory-query module, as well as a memory-update module, respectively. Experiment results on the ISPRS Potsdam and ISPRS Vaihingen datasets demonstrated that our method can perform competitively with state-of-the-art methods.

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