scholarly journals COVID-19 transmission risk factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Alessio Notari ◽  
Giorgio Torrieri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Transmission Risk

scholarly journals HEPATITIS B AND C: FREQUENCY, MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND RISK FACTORS ALONG WITH SOME UNORTHODOX ROUTES OF SPREAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Iftikhar Haider Naqvi ◽  
Abu Talib ◽  
Gohar Baloch ◽  
Khalid Mahmood ◽  
Zahid Qadari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Leech Therapy ◽  
Ear Piercing

Background: Pakistan's being a country placed in intermediate endemicity zone of HBV and HCV, with rising population, there is lack scarcity of knowledge about transmission of risk factors specially unorthodox and frequency of this health challenge. Methods: A retrospective case control study where case records of all patients aged from 18 - 70 years from 2012 to 2017 with either gender diagnosed as chronic hepatitis B and C were included. Information about shave from barber-shop, sharing of toothbrush at home, tattooing, cautery, and ear piercing were collected. Information about unorthodox risks for transmission of HBV and HCV, like skin branding, cupping of blood, circumcision by the barber, sharing of tooth brushes and leech therapy was collected. Results: Among 1134 patients of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C (HCV), Age > 35 years, shave from barber and dental treatment were found to be risk factor for both HCV and HBV transmission. Amongst unorthodox risk factors like skin branding, cupping of blood, circumcision by the barber, sharing of tooth brushes and leech therapy, only cupping of blood (Hijama) was a significant risk for transmission of both HBV and HCV. Conclusion: Viral related chronic hepatitis is frequently reported problem in this part of the world where HCV supersedes HBV. Socieodemographic factor like age > 35 year, shave from barbers and dental treatment were risk factors for transmission of both HCV and HBV. Among orthodox routes of transmission blood cupping (hijama) has shown as a significant transmission risk for both HCV and HBV.

scholarly journals INDIKATOR ENTOMOLOGI DAN RISIKO PENULARAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI PULAU JAWA, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Wiwik Trapsilowati, SKM, M.Kes ◽  
Yusnita Mirna Anggraeni ◽  
Mega Tyas Prihatin ◽  
Aryani Pujiyanti ◽  
Triwibowo Ambar Garjito
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Potential Region ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Surveillance Method ◽  
Distribution Vector ◽  
Free Rate

One of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) transmission risk factors is presence of vectors, especially Aedes aegypti. Vector surveillance is carried out to determine vectors distribution, vector density and risk of transmission. The larva survey is a common and easy vector surveillance method. This study aims to describe the cases and deaths due to DHF and entomological indicators in Java. This study was further analysis of Special Research Disease of Vector and Reservoir (Rikhus Vektora). Data collection was conducted in 2016 - 2018. The study locations were five provinces on Java Island i.e. East Jawa, West Jawa, Banten, DI Yogyakarta, DKI Jakarta and three districts were each taken. The data of DHF cases and entomology were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that the last two years were 50% districts experienced an increase in DHF cases and 38.9% an increase in deaths. The highest house index was 50% and lowest was 9%, highest larval free rate was 91% and lowest was 50%. The highest container index was 26.48%, lowest was 3.68%, and the highest breteau index was 67, lowest was 11. As many as 73.3% districts have the most water containers were buckets and 26.7% most water containers were bathtubs. Java Island has a medium to high potential region toward DHF transmission occurs. Increased knowledge and skills for eradication mosquito correctly by individually and community needs to be planned and implemented sustainable, to increase community participation as well.

scholarly journals Viral transmission risk factors in an Egyptian population with high hepatitis C prevalence

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kate Mohlman ◽  
Doa’a A. Saleh ◽  
Sameera Ezzat ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-Hamid ◽  
Brent Korba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Egyptian Population

scholarly journals Tackling the Threat of Rabies Reintroduction in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Vega ◽  
Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque ◽  
Clara Marin ◽  
Rosana Domingo ◽  
Fernando Fariñas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Virus Control

Rabies is one of the oldest, most important zoonoses worldwide due to its extreme and inevitably lethal nature, causing one death every 9 min worldwide. Recent reports have demonstrated that the Lyssavirus continues more alive than ever, despite the control carried out against the virus throughout Europe. In this context, this work reviews the main immunological implications, transmission risk factors and current prevention measures for virus control in Europe, and especially in Spain.

scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Community of Madrid, Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9227
Author(s):  
Víctor Pérez-Segura ◽  
Raquel Caro-Carretero ◽  
Antonio Rua
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Multivariate Statistical

It has been more than one year since Chinese authorities identified a deadly new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Since then, the scientific work regarding the transmission risk factors of COVID-19 has been intense. The relationship between COVID-19 and environmental conditions is becoming an increasingly popular research topic. Based on the findings of the early research, we focused on the community of Madrid, Spain, which is one of the world’s most significant pandemic hotspots. We employed different multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis, analysis of variance, clustering, and linear regression models. Principal component analysis was employed in order to reduce the number of risk factors down to three new components that explained 71% of the original variance. Cluster analysis was used to delimit the territory of Madrid according to these new risk components. An ANOVA test revealed different incidence rates between the territories delimited by the previously identified components. Finally, a set of linear models was applied to demonstrate how environmental factors present a greater influence on COVID-19 infections than socioeconomic dimensions. This type of local research provides valuable information that could help societies become more resilient in the face of future pandemics.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Household Transmission Study of Cryptosporidium Shows that C. Hominis Infections are A Key Risk Factor for Spread.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caoimhe McKerr ◽  
Rachel M Chalmers ◽  
Kristin Elwin ◽  
Heather Jones ◽  
Roberto Vivancos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Infected People ◽  
North West ◽  
Household Transmission

Abstract BackgroundInfection with the Cryptosporidium parasite causes over 4,000 cases of diagnosed illness (cryptosporidiosis) in England and Wales each year. The incidence of sporadic disease has not been sufficiently established, and how frequently this arises from contact with other infected people is not well documented.This project aimed to explore potential transmission in the home and attempt to identify asymptomatic infections, which might play a role in transmission. Risk factors and characteristics associated with spread of infection in the home were described including any differences between Cryptosporidium species.MethodsThe study identified cryptosporidiosis cases from North West England and Wales over a year and invited them and their household to take part. Each household was sent a study pack containing study information and a questionnaire, and stool sample kits to provide samples from consenting household members. Cryptosporidium-positive stool samples, identified by immunofluorescence microscopy, were characterised using molecular methods to help describe any patterns of transmission. Characteristics of households with and without additional cases were described, and compared using odds ratios (OR) and a multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors for household transmission. Data collection ran for one year, beginning in September 2018 with an initial pilot phase. ResultsWe enrolled 128 index cases and their households.Additional illness occurred in over a quarter of homes, each reporting an average of two additional cases. The majority of these were undiagnosed and unreported to surveillance. This burden was even greater in households where the index case was infected with C. hominis versus C. parvum, or the index case was under five years old, with mums and siblings most at risk of secondary infection. Only having an index case of C. hominis was independently associated with transmission in the multivariable model (OR= 4.46; p=0.01).ConclusionsCryptosporidium was a considerable burden in the home. At-risk homes were those where the index was less than five years old and/or infected with C. hominis. Of particular risk were female caregivers and siblings. Hygiene advice should be specifically directed here.This work provides evidence for humans as sources of C. hominis infection and that person-person is a key pathway. We recommend that all stools submitted for the investigation of gastrointestinal pathogens are tested for Cryptosporidium to better capture cases, inclusion of speciation data in routine surveillance, and the consideration of specific clinical advice on prevention for high-risk homes.

scholarly journals COVID-19 transmission risk factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Notari ◽  
Giorgio Torrieri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Transmission Risk

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices and the analysis of Risk Factors regarding Schistosomiasis Among Fishermen and Boatmen in the Dongting Lake Basin, P.R. China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Guan ◽  
Si-Min Dai ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Bing Ren ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dongting Lake ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background: Fishermen and boatmen are a risk population for contracting schistosomiasis due to their high frequency of water contact in endemic areas of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China (P. R. China). To develop specific interventions towards this population, our present study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) towards schistosomiasis of fishermen and boatmen, and to identify the risk factors associated with schistosome infection using molecular technique in the selected area of Hunan Province in P.R. China.Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in the Dongting Lake Basin of Yueyang County, Hunan Province, P. R. China. A total of 601 fishermen and boatmen were interviewed between October and November 2017. Information regarding socio-demographic details and KAPs towards schistosomiasis were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Fecal samples of participants were collected and tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the risk factors related to the positive results of PCR. Results: Of the 601 respondents, over 90% knew schistosomiasis and how the disease was contracted, the intermediate host of schistosomes and preventive methods. The majority of respondents had a positive attitude towards schistosomiasis prevention. However, only 6.66% (40/601) of respondents had installed a latrine on their boats, while 32.61% (196/601) of respondents defecated in the public toilets on shore. In addition, only 4.99% (30/601) respondents protected themselves while exposed to freshwater. The prevalence of schistosomiasis, as determined by PCR, among fishermen and boatmen in Yueyang County was 13.81% (83/601). Age, years of performing the current job, number of times receiving treatment, and whether they were treated in past three years were the main influencing factors of PCR results among this population.Conclusions: Fishermen and boatmen are still at high risk of infection in P.R. China and gaps exist in KAPs towards schistosomiasis in this population group. Chemotherapy, and health education encouraging behavior change in combination with other integrated approaches to decrease the transmission risk in environments should be improved.

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