BackgroundIn the UK almost 7000 people are diagnosed with leukaemia each year, but despite continuing advances in diagnosis and treatment with new drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the majority of these patients will eventually die from their disease. Until quite recently, the only treatment to offer the possibility of long-term disease-free survival was allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, this carries a substantial risk of mortality and is available to only a minority of patients.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that molecular and clinical responses, induced by T lymphocytes (T cells), can be predicted by increases in the number of CD8+ (cluster of differentiation 8-positive) T cells specific for the vaccine-encoded T-cell epitopes. This project also aimed to build on the established programme of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fusion-gene vaccination delivered by intramuscular injection, exploiting a unique experience with electroporation, to induce durable immune responses with the aim of controlling disease by precision attack of the tumour by CD8+ T cells.MethodA non-randomised, open-label, single-dose-level Phase II clinical trial in two patient groups [chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)] on stable doses of imatinib. Human leucocyte antigen A2-positive (HLA A2+) patients were vaccinated with two DNA vaccines: (1) p.DOM–WT1-37 (epitope sequence: VLDFAPPGA); and (2) p.DOM–WT1-126 (epitope sequence: RMFPNAPYL). The HLA A2-negative patients formed an unvaccinated control group. The sample size for the HLA A2+ group was originally determined following Simon’s optimal Phase II trial design (Simon R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials.Control Clin Trials1989;10:1–10). This was changed to A’Hern’s single-stage design during the course of the trial (A’Hern RP. Sample size tables for single-stage phase II designs.Stat Med2001;20:859–66), which was endorsed by the trial’s independent oversight committees.ResultsThe study included 12 patients with CML who were vaccinated and nine patients with CML who were unvaccinated as the control group. Both the vaccines and the electroporation were safe, with no new or unexpected toxicities. The evaluation adverse events of special interest (heart, bone marrow, renal) did not reveal safety concerns. TwoBCR–ABL(breakpoint cluster region–Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homolog 1) responses were observed, both of which were defined as a major response, with one in each group. Two Wilms’ tumour antigen 1 (WT1) molecular responses were observed in the vaccinated group and one was observed in the control group. At an immunological level, the vaccine performed as expected.ConclusionsThe study met its primary decision-making target with one major molecular response inBCR–ABLtranscript levels. Overall, the data showed, in this clinical setting, the immunogenicity and safety of the vaccine.LimitationsThe study did not complete recruitment and there were multiple hurdles that contributed to this failure. This is disappointing given the robust induction immune responses againstWT1T-cell responses in 7 out of 10 evaluable patients.Future workEvaluation of the p.DOM–WT1 vaccines in AML remains attractive clinically, but it is unlikely to be feasible at this time. Combination of the DNA vaccine approach with strategies to expand T-cell responses with immunomodulatory antibodies is in development.Funding detailsThis project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme, a Medical Research Council (MRC) and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) partnership, and Bloodwise.
Mice transgenic for human CTLA4-CD28 fusion gene show proliferation and transformation of ATLL-like and AITL-like T cells
