Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the Waimate District (New Zealand) pasture soils as influenced by irrigation, effluent dispersal and earthworms

No one can deny the progression and innovation in the aviation transportation collected at national and international level. But the accountancy of the impact of air transportation on environmental degradation is naive and emerging trend of the current era. The air transportation versus environment is the key contribution to the literature that is solely conducted for Pakistan first time in this context. The objective of this research is to compute the impact of air transportation on carbon dioxide emissions, nitrous emissions and methane emissions separately in the three models by applying ARDL bound test approach during 1990 to 2017. The result depicts significant and positive relation of air transportation (carriage) to carbon dioxide emissions (0.77), nitrous emissions (0.20) and methane emissions (0.38) in long-run. The short-run results infer that the air transportation (passenger) has significantly positive relation to carbon dioxide emissions (0.278), nitrous emissions (0.207), and methane emissions (0.080). The econometric outcomes show the significant and direct relation to transportation (both passenger and cargo) to carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in short and long-run. Moreover, per capita GDP, population density, and energy demand also significantly affect the environment showing significant and positive coefficients to all three categories (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) of emission. In case of Pakistan, FDI and trade for this duration didn’t significantly contribute to the CO2, NO2, and methane emissions. Since the last decade the economic issues of Pakistan like terrorism, political instability, energy crises, and poor management along with the worst performance by tertiary sectors have severely hit the economy, and as a result, the FDI and trade sector has tormented in a substantial proportion. Finally, pairwise Granger causation also supports the short and long-run consequences. The outcomes suggested that the fuel-efficient energy use and technological diversification in the transportation sector are essential to mitigate the degrading environmental emissions.

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Evaluation of two potential on-farm measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from an average dairy farm on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2002.64.2454 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 159-165

Author(s):

C.A.M. De Klein ◽

S.F. Ledgard ◽

H. Clark

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

New Zealand ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

West Coast ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

The West ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

On Farm

Agriculture contributes about 60% of New Zealand's total greenhouse gas emissions. Management practices for reducing these emissions will be required to meet our future international commitments. This paper presents estimates of two practical on-farm measures for reducing total greenhouse gas emissions from an average dairy farm on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand: 1) the incorporation of cereal silage into the diet, and 2) the strategic use of a stand-off pad in winter. Total calculated greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by about 14% if fertiliser N-boosted pasture was replaced with bought-in cereal silage grown off-farm. The estimated reduction in emissions was due to reductions in nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions, whereas methane emissions were not significantly affected by this management practice. Reduced methane emissions required an increase in per animal production and a corresponding decrease in stocking rate. The use of a stand-off pad during winter did not significantly affect total greenhouse gas emissions using current inventory calculations. However, recent research suggests that it may reduce emissions by 3 to 8%, when accounting for the seasonal variation in N2O emissions and reduced fertiliser N requirements due to reduced pasture damage. A preliminary assessment of the economic implications of the cereal silage option suggested the cost of using cereal silage is likely to be higher than any savings that could be accrued from carbon credits obtained from reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the costs associated with building and using a stand-off pad are likely to be off-set against a potential increase in pasture production, and carbon credits obtained from a reduction in greenhouse gas emission would represent a net cost saving. Keywords: carbon dioxide, cereal silage, dairying, methane, mitigation options, nitrous oxide, stand-off pad

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The Carbon Footprints of Beef and Lamb: A Lifecycle Approach to Measuring the Sustainability of New Zealand's Primary Produce

10.26686/wgtn.16934791 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Amelie Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

New Zealand ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Meat Processing ◽

Food Sector ◽

Carbon Footprints ◽

Food Miles ◽

On Farm

<p>Carbon footprints show the carbon impacts of food products. They are argued here to reflect these impacts more accurately than 'food miles'. New Zealand research has shown that our major primary sectors are more efficient in terms of carbon dioxide emissions than their British equivalents over the farming and shipping stages of the lifecycle. However, little research has examined other stages, such as road and rail freight and meat processing within New Zealand. Furthermore, the agro-food sector only has partial knowledge about its greenhouse gas GHG) emissions from 'farm gate to plate' and is not yet fully prepared to implement GHG mitigation strategies. The aims of this study are to 1) calculate the carbon footprints of beef and lamb produced and consumed in New Zealand using a lifecycle approach (including all GHGs), and 2) evaluate, through key stakeholder interviews, the applicability of the carbon footprint concept to New Zealand for addressing consumer environmental concerns. The calculations show that the GHG footprints (all GHGs) of beef and lamb are comprised, for the most part, of on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Domestic and international freight contribute less than 5% to these footprints, and data from a case study of two meat processing plants suggest that meat processing emissions contributes even less than freight emissions. When leaving aside on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions, meat processing and freight contribute less than half to the carbon dioxide (CO2) footprints. Interviews conducted for this study show that key stakeholder attitudes to these issues are varied. Responses from government representatives centred on the need to support the agro-food sector in responding to foreign market demands; the response from industry was mixed but suggests that it is prepared to account for its GHG emissions, showing a preference for carbon footprints over food miles. Environmental NGOs warned that there are risks to New Zealand if it continues to rely on a 'clean green' image mostly due to its natural comparative advantage, and fails to account for its emissions.</p>

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The Carbon Footprints of Beef and Lamb: A Lifecycle Approach to Measuring the Sustainability of New Zealand's Primary Produce

10.26686/wgtn.16934791.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Amelie Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

New Zealand ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Meat Processing ◽

Food Sector ◽

Carbon Footprints ◽

Food Miles ◽

On Farm

<p>Carbon footprints show the carbon impacts of food products. They are argued here to reflect these impacts more accurately than 'food miles'. New Zealand research has shown that our major primary sectors are more efficient in terms of carbon dioxide emissions than their British equivalents over the farming and shipping stages of the lifecycle. However, little research has examined other stages, such as road and rail freight and meat processing within New Zealand. Furthermore, the agro-food sector only has partial knowledge about its greenhouse gas GHG) emissions from 'farm gate to plate' and is not yet fully prepared to implement GHG mitigation strategies. The aims of this study are to 1) calculate the carbon footprints of beef and lamb produced and consumed in New Zealand using a lifecycle approach (including all GHGs), and 2) evaluate, through key stakeholder interviews, the applicability of the carbon footprint concept to New Zealand for addressing consumer environmental concerns. The calculations show that the GHG footprints (all GHGs) of beef and lamb are comprised, for the most part, of on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Domestic and international freight contribute less than 5% to these footprints, and data from a case study of two meat processing plants suggest that meat processing emissions contributes even less than freight emissions. When leaving aside on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions, meat processing and freight contribute less than half to the carbon dioxide (CO2) footprints. Interviews conducted for this study show that key stakeholder attitudes to these issues are varied. Responses from government representatives centred on the need to support the agro-food sector in responding to foreign market demands; the response from industry was mixed but suggests that it is prepared to account for its GHG emissions, showing a preference for carbon footprints over food miles. Environmental NGOs warned that there are risks to New Zealand if it continues to rely on a 'clean green' image mostly due to its natural comparative advantage, and fails to account for its emissions.</p>

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Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Lab-Scaled Manure Bedpacks with and without Aluminum Sulfate Additions

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments6100108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (10) ◽

pp. 108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Spiehs ◽

Woodbury ◽

Parker

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Aluminum Sulfate ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Ammonia Emissions ◽

Alum Treatment ◽

Entire Treatment

The poultry industry has successfully used aluminum sulfate (alum) as a litter amendment to reduce NH3 emissions from poultry barns, but alum has not been evaluated for similar uses in cattle facilities. A study was conducted to measure ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases (GHG), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from lab-scaled bedded manure packs over a 42-day period. Two frequencies of application (once or weekly) and four concentrations of alum (0, 2.5, 5, and 10% by mass) were evaluated. Frequency of alum application was either the entire treatment of alum applied on Day 0 (once) or 16.6% of the total alum mass applied each week for six weeks. Ammonia emissions were reduced when 10% alum was used, but H2S emissions increased as the concentration of alum increased in the bedded packs. Nitrous oxide emissions were not affected by alum treatment. Methane emissions increased as the concentration of alum increased in the bedded packs. Carbon dioxide emissions were highest when 5% alum was applied and lowest when 0% alum was used. Results of this study indicate that 10% alum is needed to effectively reduce NH3 emissions, but H2S and methane emissions may increase when this concentration of alum is used.

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Foreign Direct Investment Dependence and the Neglected Greenhouse Gas: A Cross-National Analysis of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Developing Countries, 1990–2014

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0731121420937738 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 073112142093773

Author(s):

Steven Andrew Mejia

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

National Analysis

Scholars have long inquired the anthropogenic causes of greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of empirical work focuses on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, but limited attention is paid to nitrous oxide emissions. This is a crucial omission as nitrous oxide emissions are an extremely potent greenhouse gas and trigger ozone-depleting reactions upon reaching the atmosphere. Using a fixed effects panel regression of 106 developing countries, I estimate the effect of foreign direct investment dependence on nitrous oxide emissions. I find foreign capital dependency is positively associated with nitrous oxide emissions, supporting a refined ecostructural theory of foreign direct investment dependence. This analysis highlights the need for social scientists to consider the environmental impacts of the transnational organization of production beyond carbon dioxide emissions and methane emissions.

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