The estimation of the economic burden of measles in terms of direct and indirect costs per case

Abstract Background Despite the well-documented information on cancer prevention and management, among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), globally, cancer continues to be the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality with devastating economic consequences. The burden is disproportionately more among developing countries and the extent of evidence available on the economic consequences (direct and indirect costs) of cancer remains unknown in low-income countries particularly in the sub-Saharan region. Understanding the costs of illness is important to inform decision-making on setting up health care policies and informing economic evaluation of interventions. This study aims to map evidence on the distribution of the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) associated with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of three predominant cancers: prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and will be conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINHAL (via EBSCOhost platform), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Africa-Wide Information, Google Scholar, and WHO Library. We will perform hand-searching of the reference lists of included studies and other relevant documents. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. We will include primary studies from all study designs reporting costs associated with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., thematic analysis) methods. A narrative summary of findings will be presented. Discussion This review will map the extent of information available on the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Further guidance for future research in the subject area will be discussed. Systematic review registration Open Science Framework

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Economic Burden Associated with Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) Infestation in Iran

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3589 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mojtaba SALIMI ◽

Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR ◽

Hadi HAMIDI PARSA ◽

Majid KHOSRAVI

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care System ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Head Louse ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Head Lice ◽

Louse Infestation ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Head Louse Infestation ◽

Care System

Background: The head louse infestation is a public health issue in the world especially, affecting most people who live in camps, school-aged children and their families. Head lice treatment has economic ramifications that often under calculated. The aim of this study was evaluation of economic burden associated with head louse infestation in Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 500,002 infestations were diagnosed among suspected head lice infested people who referred to health care system in all provinces of Iran during 2017. Direct and indirect costs related to paid by patients and government systems were extracted by referring to accounting documents and interviews with patients and experts and were recorded in researcher-made forms. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used for economic burden calculation. Results: The incidence rate of head lice infestation in Iran was 500,002/79,926,270 (625.5 per 100,000 populations). Economic burden of head lice in the country was calculated at 5,790,143$. Direct and indirect costs, governmental cost, out of pocket and total costs of head lice were included 3.14$, 2.84$, 5.98$, 5.60$ and 11.58$ per case respectively. Conclusion: The direct and indirect costs associated with treatment of infestations were relatively high. Therefore, the creation of medical facilities such as availability of diagnostic and treatment strategies can be effective in the control of infestation. The adoption of infestation prevention methods, such as health education to people at risk of infestation, reduces the incidence of head lice and imposition of related treatment costs on governmental health care system and head lice cases.

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Economic burden of medication-overuse headache in Iran: direct and indirect costs

Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10072-020-04716-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mansoureh Togha ◽

Fatemeh Nadjafi-Semnani ◽

Fahimeh Martami ◽

Zahra Mohammadshirazi ◽

Niusha Vahidpour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Medication Overuse ◽

Medication Overuse Headache ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs

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The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada

Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.33.3.01 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 113-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

H Krueger ◽

VK Noonan ◽

LM Trenaman ◽

P Joshi ◽

CS Rivers

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Resource Use ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Cost Information ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Initial Hospitalization

Introduction The purpose of this study is to estimate the current lifetime economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) in Canada from a societal perspective, including both direct and indirect costs, using an incidence-based approach. Methods Available resource use and cost information for complete/incomplete tetraplegia and paraplegia was applied to the estimated annual incidence of tSCI, by severity, in Canada. Results The estimated lifetime economic burden per individual with tSCI ranges from $1.5 million for incomplete paraplegia to $3.0 million for complete tetraplegia. The annual economic burden associated with 1389 new persons with tSCI surviving their initial hospitalization is estimated at $2.67 billion. Conclusion While the number of injuries per year in Canada is relatively small, the annual economic burden is substantial.

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Economic burden of Huntington’s disease in Peru

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-019-4806-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gustavo Silva-Paredes ◽

Rosa M. Urbanos-Garrido ◽

Miguel Inca-Martinez ◽

Danielle Rabinowitz ◽

Mario R. Cornejo-Olivas

Keyword(s):

Huntington's Disease ◽

Huntington’S Disease ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Annual Cost ◽

Healthcare Costs ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs

Abstract Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive disability, and over time to total dependence. The economic impact of HD on patients living in developing countries like Peru is still unknown. This study aims to estimate the economic burden by estimating direct and indirect costs of Huntington’s disease in Peru, as well as the proportion of direct costs borne by patients and their families. Methods Disease-cost cross-sectional study where 97 participants and their primary caregivers were interviewed using a common questionnaire. Prevalence and human capital approaches were used to estimate direct and indirect costs, respectively. Results The average annual cost of HD reached USD 8120 per patient in 2015. Direct non-healthcare costs represented 78.3% of total cost, indirect costs 14.4% and direct healthcare costs the remaining 7.3%. The mean cost of HD increased with the degree of patient dependency: from USD 6572 for Barthel 4 & 5 (slight dependency and total independency, respectively) to USD 23,251 for Barthel 1 (total dependency). Direct costs were primarily financed by patients and their families. Conclusions The estimated annual cost of HD for Peruvian society reached USD 1.2 million in 2015. The cost impact of HD on patients and their families is very high, becoming catastrophic for most dependent patients, and thus making it essential to prioritize full coverage by the State.

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Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases before and after Iran’s health transformation plan: evidence from a referral hospital of Iran

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation ◽

10.1186/s12962-020-00250-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vahid Alipour ◽

Hamed Zandian ◽

Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi ◽

Leili Avesta ◽

Telma Zahirian Moghadam

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Before And After

Abstract Background Different countries have set different policies to control and decrease the costs of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Iran was aiming to reduce the economic burden of different disease by a recent reform from named as health transformation plan (HTP). This study aimed to examine the economic burden of CVDs before and after of HTP. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 patients with CVDs, who were randomly selected from a specialized cardiovascular hospital in the north-west of Iran. Direct and indirect costs of CVDs were calculated using the cost of illness and human capital approaches. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist obtained from several sources including structured interviews, the Statistical Center of Iran, Iran’s Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, the central bank of Iran, and the data of global burden of disease obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to estimate direct and mortality costs. All costs were calculated in Iranian Rials (IRR). Results Total costs of CVDs were about 5571 and 6700 billion IRR before and after the HTP, respectively. More than 62% of the total costs of CVDs accounted for premature death before (64.89%) and after (62.01%) the HTP. The total hospitalization costs of CVDs was significantly increased after the HTP (p = 0.038). In both times, surgical services and visiting had the highest and lowest share of hospitalization costs, respectively. The OOP expenditure decreased significantly and reached from 54.2 to 36.7%. All hospitalization costs, except patients’ OOP expenditure, were significantly increased after the HTP about 1.3 times. Direct non-medical costs reached from 2.4 to 3.3 billion before and after the HTP, respectively. Conclusion Economic burden of CVDs increased in the north-west of Iran after the HTP due to the increase of all direct and indirect costs, except the OOP expenditure. Non-allocation of defined resources, which coincided with the international and national political and economic challenges in Iran, led to unsustainable resources of the HTP. So, no results of this study can be attributed solely to the HTP. Therefore, more detailed studies should be carried out on the reasons for the significant increase in CVDs costs in the region.

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Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Before and After the Iran’s Health Transformation Plan: A Cross-Sectional Study on Referral Hospital in the North-West of Iran

10.21203/rs.2.22249/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vahid Alipour ◽

Hamed Zandian ◽

Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi ◽

Leili Avesta ◽

Telma Zahirian Moghadam

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Before And After

Abstract Background Different countries have set different policies to control and decrease the costs of Cardiovascular Diseases(CVDs). Iran aiming reducing the economic burden of different disease by a recent reform from named as health transformation plan(HTP). This study aimed to examine economic burden of CVDs before and after of HTP, Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 patients with CVDs, who were randomly selected from a specialized cardiovascular hospital in the north-west of Iran. Direct and indirect costs of CVDs were calculated using cost of illness and human capital approaches. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist obtained from several sources including structured interviews, the Statistical Center of Iran, Iran's Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, central bank of the Iran, and the data of global burden of disease obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to estimate direct and mortality costs. All costs were calculated in Iranian Rials(IRR). Results Total costs of CVDs were about 5571 and 6700 billion IRR before and after the HTP, respectively. More than 62% of the total costs of CVDs accounted for premature death before (64.89%) and after(62.01%) the HTP. The total hospitalization costs of CVDs was significantly increased after the HTP (p=0.038). In both times, surgical services and visiting had the highest and lowest share of hospitalization costs, respectively. The OOP expenditure decreased significantly and reached from 54.2% to 36.7%. All hospitalization costs, except patients' OOP expenditure, were significantly increased after the HTP about 1.3 times. Direct non-medical costs reached from 2.4 to 3.3 billion before and after the HTP, respectively. Conclusion The economic burden of CVDs after the HTP increased in the north-west of Iran due to the increase of all direct and indirect costs, except the OOP expenditure. Non-allocation of defined resources, which coincided with the international and national political and economic challenges in Iran, led to unsustainable resources of the HTP. So, no results of this study can be attributed solely to the HTP. Therefore, studies that are more detailed should be carried out on the reasons for the significant increase in CVDs costs in the region.

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HSR19-102: Direct and Indirect Economic Burden of Cervical Cancer (CxCa) in the United States in 2015: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ◽

10.6004/jnccn.2018.7182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (3.5) ◽

pp. HSR19-102

Author(s):

Chizoba Nwankwo ◽

Shelby L. Corman ◽

Ruchit Shah ◽

Youngmin Kwon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Healthcare Costs ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Early Death ◽

The United States ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Lost Productivity

Background: An estimated 12,820 women in the United States will be diagnosed with CxCa in 2018, with 4,210 deaths from the disease. The economic burden of CxCa, both in terms of healthcare costs and lost productivity, has not been adequately studied. Methods: This was a mixed-methods study that evaluated the direct and indirect costs of CxCa using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for prevalent CxCa cases and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for deaths due to CxCa. Total healthcare costs and number of work days missed were compared between CxCa cases and controls in MEPS, using propensity scores calculated from baseline demographics and comorbidities. Missed work was converted to costs using the average hourly wage for women in 2015. Per-patient incremental healthcare and lost work productivity costs were then multiplied by the number of prevalent cases of CxCa in 2015 obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). NCHS data on the age-stratified number of CxCa deaths per year (1935–2015) and life expectancy data from the Social Security Administration were then used to calcluate the number of women who would be alive in 2015 if they had not died from CxCa and the lost earnings resulting from early mortality. The primary study outcome was the total direct and indirect cost of CxCa in 2015, calculated as the sum of the incremental direct healthcare costs, incremental lost productivity costs due to missed work, and lost productivity costs resulting from early death due to CxCa. Results: An estimated 257,524 women were alive with CxCa in 2015. Total healthcare costs were $4,221 higher, and an additional 0.37 work days were missed in women with CxCa compared to propensity-matched controls. Of the 488,475 women who died of CxCa prior to 2015, 108,832 would be alive in 2015 and 38,540 would be part of the workforce. Lost earnings in 2015 attributable to these deaths totaled $2.19 billion. The total economic burden of CxCa in the United States in 2015 was thus estimated at $3.3 billion (Table 1). Conclusions: CxCa was responsible for nearly $3.3 billion in direct and indirect costs in 2015. Early death among women with CxCa was the biggest driver of total economic burden.

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