scholarly journals Programmed expression of beta-tubulin genes during development and differentiation of the chicken.

1984 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Havercroft ◽  
D W Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Meiotic Spindle ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Spinal Cord Neurons ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Tubulin Mrna

We have previously demonstrated that the chicken genome contains at least four different, functional beta-tubulin genes. By using gene specific probes we have now analyzed the relative levels of expression of the four encoded messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts as a function of chicken development and differentiation. We have found that the RNA transcript from the beta 2 gene is present in large amounts in embryonic chick brain and is also preferentially expressed in spinal cord neurons, indicating that this transcript encodes the dominant neuronal beta-tubulin polypeptide. The beta 3 mRNA is present in overwhelming amounts in RNA from chicken testis suggesting that this gene encodes a flagellar or meiotic spindle tubulin. However, both of these genes are transcribed to varying, but lesser, degrees in a number of additional cell and tissue types indicating that they are not neuronal or testis specific, respectively. Beta 4' transcripts are present at moderate levels in all cell and tissue types examined, suggesting that this mRNA encodes a constitutive beta-tubulin polypeptide that is involved in an essential or housekeeping microtubule function. Transcripts from the beta 1 gene are a minor component of the beta-tubulin mRNA populations in all cells and tissues tested. Overall, we conclude that specific beta-tubulin mRNA species are expressed in markedly different ratios in different tissues in the chicken. Such developmental regulation may reflect the function(s) of the individual beta-tubulin polypeptides or, alternatively, may be required for precise control of tubulin gene expression in cells that utilize microtubules for divergent purposes.

scholarly journals Transcription of alpha- and beta-tubulin genes in vitro in isolated Chlamydomonas reinhardi nuclei.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1138-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Keller ◽  
J A Schloss ◽  
C D Silflow ◽  
J L Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Complementary Dna ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Flagellar Protein ◽  
Rna Accumulation ◽  
Alpha Amanitin

Removal of the flagella of Chlamydomonas results in increases in both flagellar protein synthesis and tubulin messenger RNA accumulation. These observations led us to examine whether flagellar protein gene sequences are transcribed differentially in nuclei isolated before and after deflagellation. A nuclear isolation protocol was developed using the cell wall-less strain of Chlamydomonas, CW 15, after cell lysis with 0.5% Nonidet P-40. Transcriptional activity of isolated nuclei was determined by incorporating [32P]UTP into TCA-precipitable and phenol-extractable RNA, and by hybridizing newly transcribed RNA to complementary DNA clones containing alpha- and beta-tubulin sequences. Nuclei from deflagellated cells are more active in transcribing sequences that hybridize with alpha- and beta-tubulin complementary DNA probes than are nuclei from nondeflagellated cells. In addition, while total [32P]UTP incorporation is inhibited 45% by alpha-amanitin concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml, tubulin RNA synthesis in this system is completely inhibited by this concentration of alpha-amanitin. This demonstration of differential transcription in nuclei before and after cell deflagellation provides the means to study in vitro the mechanisms that signal and regulate flagellar protein gene activity.

Transcriptional regulation of tubulin gene expression in differentiating trochoblasts during early development of Patella vulgata

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 2835-2845
Author(s):  
W.G. Damen ◽  
L.A. van Grunsven ◽  
A.E. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Tubulin Mrna

The expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin genes during the early development of the marine mollusk Patella vulgata has been investigated. From the 32-cell stage onwards, an enhanced expression of both alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs was detected in the primary trochoblasts. After one additional cleavage, these cells become cleavage-arrested and then form cilia. They are the first cells to differentiate during Patella development. Later, alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNA is also found in the accessory and secondary trochoblasts. Together these three cell-lines form the prototroch, the ciliated locomotory organ of the trochophore larva. The early and abundant expression of tubulin genes precede and accompany cilia formation in the trochoblasts and provides us with an excellent molecular differentiation marker for these cells. Apart from the trochoblasts, tubulin gene expression was also found in other cells at some stages. At the 88-cell stage, elevated tubulin mRNA levels were found around the large nucleus of the mesodermal stem cell 4d. In later stages, tubulin gene expression was detected in the cells that form the flagella of the apical tuft and in the refractive bodies. An alpha-tubulin gene was isolated and characterized. A lacZ fusion gene under control of the 5′ upstream region of this tubulin gene was microinjected into embryos at the two-cell stage. The reporter gene product was only detected in the three trochoblast cell-lines at the same time as tubulin genes were expressed in these cells. Reporter gene product was not detected in any other cells. Thus, this 5′ upstream region of this alpha-tubulin gene contains all the elements required for the correct spatiotemporal pattern of expression.

Structure and arrangement of the beta-tubulin genes of Leishmania tropica

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1372-1383
Author(s):  
P L Huang ◽  
B E Roberts ◽  
D M Pratt ◽  
J R David ◽  
J S Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Leishmania Tropica ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
S1 Nuclease ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Repeat Units ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Tubulin Mrna ◽  
Parasite Leishmania

We studied the organization and arrangement of the genes encoding beta-tubulin in the protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica and examined the structure and orientation of the beta-tubulin mRNA relative to the gene. There were found to be eight to nine beta-tubulin genes arranged in an array of direct tandem repeat units with a length of 3.8 kilobase pairs, and they were extremely homologous, if not identical, in sequence. These repeat units did not contain the alpha-tubulin genes. The transcribed sequences within the beta-tubulin genes were localized, and the orientation of the major alpha-tubulin mRNA was mapped on the gene by S1 nuclease analysis.

scholarly journals Structure and arrangement of the beta-tubulin genes of Leishmania tropica.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1372-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
P L Huang ◽  
B E Roberts ◽  
D M Pratt ◽  
J R David ◽  
J S Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Leishmania Tropica ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
S1 Nuclease ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Repeat Units ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Tubulin Mrna ◽  
Parasite Leishmania

We studied the organization and arrangement of the genes encoding beta-tubulin in the protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica and examined the structure and orientation of the beta-tubulin mRNA relative to the gene. There were found to be eight to nine beta-tubulin genes arranged in an array of direct tandem repeat units with a length of 3.8 kilobase pairs, and they were extremely homologous, if not identical, in sequence. These repeat units did not contain the alpha-tubulin genes. The transcribed sequences within the beta-tubulin genes were localized, and the orientation of the major alpha-tubulin mRNA was mapped on the gene by S1 nuclease analysis.

scholarly journals Gene-specific signal transduction between microtubules and tubulin genes in Tetrahymena thermophila.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 5173-5179 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Gu ◽  
J Gaertig ◽  
L A Stargell ◽  
M A Gorovsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Tubulin Mrna

Mammalian cells regulate tubulin mRNA abundance by a posttranscriptional mechanism dependent on the concentration of tubulin monomer. Treatment of mammalian cells with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs and microtubule-polymerizing drugs causes decreases and increases in tubulin mRNA, respectively (D. W. Cleveland, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1:10-14, 1989). In striking contrast to the case with mammalian cells, perturbation of microtubules in Tetrahymena thermophila by microtubule-depolymerizing or -polymerizing drugs increases the level of the single alpha-tubulin gene message by increasing transcription (L. A. Stargell, D. P. Heruth, J. Gaertig, and M. A. Gorovsky, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1443-1450, 1992). In this report we show that antimicrotubule drugs preferentially induce the expression of one of two beta-tubulin genes (BTU1) in T. thermophila. In contrast, deciliation induces expression of both beta-tubulin genes. Tubulin gene expression was examined in a mutant strain created by transformation with an in vitro-mutagenized beta-tubulin gene that conferred resistance to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs and sensitivity to the polymerizing drug taxol and in a strain containing a nitrosoguanidine-induced mutation in the single alpha-tubulin gene that conferred the same pattern of drug sensitivities. In both cases the levels of tubulin mRNA expression from the drug-inducible BTU1 gene in the mutant cells paralleled the altered growth sensitivities to microtubule drugs. These studies demonstrate that T. thermophila has distinct, gene-specific mechanisms for modulating tubulin gene expression depending on whether ciliary or cytoplasmic microtubules are involved. They also show that the cytoplasmic microtubule cytoskeleton itself participates in a signal transduction pathway that regulates specific tubulin gene transcription in T. thermophila.

Tandem arrangement of tubulin genes in the protozoan parasite Leishmania enriettii

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1076
Author(s):  
S M Landfear ◽  
D McMahon-Pratt ◽  
D F Wirth
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization Analysis ◽  
Leishmania Enriettii

The arrangement of developmentally regulated alpha- and beta-tubulin genes has been studied in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enriettii by using Southern blot hybridization analysis. The alpha-tubulin genes occur in a tandem repeat whose monomeric unit may be represented by a 2-kilobase PstI fragment. Similarly, the beta-tubulin genes probably occur in a separate tandem repeat consisting of approximately 4-kilobase units unlinked to the alpha-tubulin repeats.

Regulation of tubulin and actin mRNA production in rat brain: expression of a new beta-tubulin mRNA with development

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1333-1342
Author(s):  
J F Bond ◽  
S R Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
In Vitro Translation ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Mrna Species ◽  
Tubulin Mrna ◽  
Actin Mrna

The expression of alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, and actin mRNA during rat brain development has been examined by using specific cDNA clones and in vitro translation techniques. During brain maturation (0 to 80 days postnatal), these mRNA species undergo a significant decrease in abundance. The kinetics of this decrease varies between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. These mRNAs are most abundant in both tissues during week 1 postnatal, each representing 10 to 15% of total mRNA activity. Both alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNA content decreases by 90 to 95% in the cerebrum after day 11 postnatal, and 70 to 80% decreases in the cerebellum after day 16. Actin sequences also decrease but to a lesser extent in both tissues (i.e., 50%). These decreases coincide with the major developmental morphological changes (i.e., neurite extension) occurring during this postnatal period. These studies have also identified the appearance of a new 2.5-kilobase beta-tubulin mRNA species, which is more predominant in the cerebellar cytoplasm. The appearance of this form occurs at a time when the major 1.8-kilobase beta-tubulin mRNA levels are declining. The possibility that the tubulin multigene family is phenotypically expressed and then this expression responds to the morphological state of the nerve cells is discussed.

scholarly journals Tandem arrangement of tubulin genes in the protozoan parasite Leishmania enriettii.

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Landfear ◽  
D McMahon-Pratt ◽  
D F Wirth
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization Analysis ◽  
Leishmania Enriettii

The arrangement of developmentally regulated alpha- and beta-tubulin genes has been studied in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enriettii by using Southern blot hybridization analysis. The alpha-tubulin genes occur in a tandem repeat whose monomeric unit may be represented by a 2-kilobase PstI fragment. Similarly, the beta-tubulin genes probably occur in a separate tandem repeat consisting of approximately 4-kilobase units unlinked to the alpha-tubulin repeats.

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