scholarly journals VITAMIN A AND ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION IN THE RAT AS INDICATED BY THE USE OF SULFUR-35 AND PHOSPHORUS-32

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic D. Dziewiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽  
Sulfate Sulfur ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

The administration of vitamin A to vitamin A-deficient rats resulted in a decreased concentration of inorganic sulfate-sulfur in the serum from a value of 2.5 mg. per cent to 1.8 mg. per cent, the latter being close to the value of 2.0 mg. per cent found in normal rats of the same age. The uptake of sulfate and phosphate by femurs and tibiae of vitamin A-deficient rats was less than that in normal rats of the same age. An increased uptake followed the administration of vitamin A: radioautography indicated that in the case of sulfate, its uptake was particularly increased in the epiphyseal cartilage; an increased uptake of phosphate was particularly evident in the diaphysis immediately adjacent to the epiphyseal cartilage plate. The specific activity of the sulfate-sulfur in the chondroitin sulfate samples isolated from the skeletons of vitamin A-deficient rats fell progressively as the deficiency continued. Following administration of vitamin A, the specific activity approached and exceeded the value given by the sample from the skeletons of normal rats of the same age. A substantial increase was found in the value of the specific activity of the sulfate-sulfur of sulfomucopolysaccharides isolated from skins of vitamin A-deficient rats that had been given vitamin A. Following administration of vitamin A to rats deficient in this vitamin, an increased accumulation of some sulfur-containing material was found in regions of active calcification.

scholarly journals VITAMIN D AND ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION IN THE RAT AS INDICATED BY THE USE OF SULFUR-35 AND PHOSPHORUS-32

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic D. Dziewiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Vitamin D2 ◽  
Sulfate Sulfur ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

The concentration of inorganic sulfate-sulfur in the serum of vitamin D-deficient rats, 2.6 to 3.5 mg. per cent, was found to be higher than that in the serum of normal rats of the same age, 2.0 mg. per cent. No change was observed following the administration of 25 γ of vitamin D2. In accord with the results of others, it was found that a definitely increased deposition of phosphorus in femurs and tibiae had occurred 36 to 48 hours after the administration of vitamin D2 to vitamin D-deficient rats. An immediate increase in the uptake of sulfate by the skeleton was found using sodium sulfate-S35. As measured by the specific activity of sulfate-sulfur in samples of chondroitin sulfate isolated from the skeletons of the vitamin D-deficient animals and from normal controls receiving equal doses of sulfur-35, the rate of synthesis of chondroitin sulfate in rachitic rats is similar to the rate in normal rats of the same age. Likewise, the incorporation of labelled sulfate into the sulfomuco-polysaccharides of the pelts was found to be equal at 12 hours to that in normal rats. Following the administration of vitamin D2 to deficient animals an increase in the rate of synthesis of the chondroitin sulfate of the skeletons was noted. The radiochemical and radioautographic evidence suggest that there is in vitamin D-deficient rats an impaired utilization of chondroitin sulfate and that vitamin D2 is able to accelerate this process.

scholarly journals TURNOVER OF S35-SULFATE IN EPIPHYSES AND DIAPHYSES OF SUCKLING RATS

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic D. Dziewiatkowski ◽  
N. Di Ferrante ◽  
F. Bronner ◽  
Gladys Okinaka
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Anion Exchange Resin ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

S35-sulfate was injected intraperitoneally- into 7-day-old rats and their long bones were removed after intervals of time. The epiphyses were separated from the diaphyses for analysis. From the diaphyses freed of bone marrow about 82 per cent of the S35 which they contained was extracted with a 2.5 N solution of sodium hydroxide. More, about 91 per cent of the S35, was thus extracted from the epiphyses. Dialysis of the extracts against water showed that the fraction of S35 which was dialyzable decreased rapidly with time. After 1 hour about 80 per cent and 50 per cent of the S35 in the extracts of diaphyses and epiphyses, respectively were found in the dialysates, after 24 hours about 20 per cent and 4 per cent, and after 120 hours 12 per cent and 1 per cent. Similar values for the S35 in inorganic sulfate were found when the extracts were chromatographed on an anion exchange resin, dowex-2. The S35, other than inorganic sulfate, was in the form of bound sulfate, which was released by acid hydrolysis. Uronic acid and hexosamines, primarily galactosamine, were associated with the S35. Indeed, on paper electrophoretograms and paper chromatograms the major S35-labelled component which was seen resembled chondroitin sulfate in its mobility. On the paper chromatograms, also a second S35-labelled component with a mobility lower than that of chondroitin sulfate was found. It is unlikely that the latter is a breakdown product of chondroitin sulfate, produced in the course of extraction with the sodium hydroxide solution. In fact, both components were also found in sodium versenate homogenates which had been dialyzed extensively against water. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the greatest part of the S35-labelled materials previously demonstrated by autoradiography to be progressively deposited in the metaphyses after 24 hours,—as the concentration of S35-sulfate concurrently decreased in the epiphyseal cartilage plates,—are akin to the chondroitin sulfate of the epiphyseal cartilage plates and are derived from the latter.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN AND VITAMIN A ON CARTILAGE

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Thomas ◽  
Robert T. McCluskey ◽  
Jacobus L. Potter ◽  
Gerald Weissmann
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Ear Cartilage

The administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits has been shown to result in depletion of cartilage matrix. The normal basophilic, metachromatic, and Alcian blue staining properties of the matrix are lost, especially in articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The cartilage cells remain intact, but are reduced in size. These changes sometimes appeared as early as 48 hours after the initiation of daily injection of 1 million units of vitamin A, and were usually well established by 5 days. Some rabbits failed to show changes in cartilage, even after 5 daily injections. Increased amounts of material presumed to be chondroitin sulfate were present in the sera of vitamin A-treated rabbits, usually by 72 hours after the first injection. This was demonstrated by a turbidimetric procedure using hexamminecobaltic chloride. In rabbits given sulfur-35 (Na2S35O4) 5 days before the initiation of vitamin A treatment, it was shown that sulfur-35 was lost from articular and epiphyseal cartilage. This was associated with an increase in the non-dialyzable sulfur-35 in both serum and in the cobalt-precipitable material. These rabbits also excreted more sulfur-35 than rabbits not given vitamin A. There was a reduction in sulfur-35 activity in chondromucoprotein extracted from the ear cartilage of vitamin A-treated rabbits. The changes are interpreted as indicating that the administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits results in removal of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage matrix. The administration of small amounts of crude papain causes histologic changes in cartilage that are remarkably similar to those seen in vitamin A-treated rabbits. The possibility is suggested that the changes in cartilage produced by administration of vitamin A to rabbits may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes, with properties similar to those of papain.

Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Tang
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specific foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent deficiency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.

A study on the vitamin A activity of carotene in green fodder

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Ray Sarkar ◽  
K. C. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
A Value ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Β Carotene

1. With the object of determining the vitamin A value of carotene in different green fodders, an investigation has been undertaken to study (i) the relation between the chemically determined carotene and its biological activity as compared with that of standard carotene, (ii) the purity of apparent carotene from different sources, (iii) absorption of carotene in rats, and (iv) the relative efficiency of the standard carotene and preformed vitamin A.2. Biological tests have shown that the chemical method of assay is a fair index of the true carotene content in green fodders, and carotene in the form of an extract is quite as effective in the system as that present in the plant tissues. β-Carotene appears to be predominant in these materials.

Normal levels of vitamin A in tissues of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) determined colorimetrically

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Robinson ◽  
A. M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
M. H. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Cheek Pouch ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Vitamin A levels in tissues of 20 normal adult hamsters on a standard diet were measured colorimetrically. No significant difference between male and female animals was found for any of the tissues sampled. The mean vitamin A value for blood plasma in 20 animals was 53·4 μg/dl. Mean values for liver, kidneys, flank skin and cheek pouch were 813, 1·29, 1·84 and 1·31 mg/g wet weight, respectively. The vitamin assay was less suitable for small organs such as trachea.

Comparison of Chemical Analysis and Bioassay as Measures of Vitamin A Value: Yellow Corn Meal

1953 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Crofts Callison ◽  
Lois F. Hallman ◽  
William F. Martin ◽  
Elsa Orent-Keiles ◽  
Emily S. Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
A Value ◽  
Yellow Corn

scholarly journals Purification and Characterization of Endoglucanase from local isolate of Aspergillus flavus

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 844-853
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Original Activity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Optimum Ph

Endoglucanase produced from Aspergillus flavus was purified by several steps including precipitation with 25 % ammonium sulphate followed by Ion –exchange chromatography, the obtained specific activity was 377.35 U/ mg protein, with a yield of 51.32 % .This step was followed by gel filtration chromatography (Sepharose -6B), when a value of specific activity was 400 U/ mg protein, with a yield of 48 %. Certain properties of this purified enzyme were investigated, the optimum pH of activity was 7 and the pH of its stability was 4.5, while the temperature stability was 40 °C for 60 min. The enzyme retained 100% of its original activity after incubation at 40 °C for 60 min; the optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 40 °C.

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