scholarly journals THE ORIGIN AND TURNOVER OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN PERITONEAL EXUDATES IN RATS

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Volkman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Kinetics Of

Tritiated thymidine-labeling data in individual and parabiotic rats showed that macrophages in peritoneal exudates were derived from cells in the blood which were the progeny of rapidly and continuously proliferating precursors. The characteristics of this population identify them with free macrophages studied in other sites; similarly, they can be obtained from transfused bone marrow. Cells in the exudates which were morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes were also found to have the labeling features of a rapidly proliferating population in contrast with the known kinetics of the majority of small lymphocytes in blood and thoracic duct lymph. However, experimental evidence indicated that the lymphocytelike exudate cells had emigrated from the blood and that bone marrow was a source of their precursors. These findings support the concept of the heterogeneity of lymphocytes. The possible relationships among the mononuclear cells is discussed.

scholarly journals Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph

1983 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1758-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Pugh ◽  
GG MacPherson ◽  
HW Steer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

Mesenteric lymphadenectomy in rats is followed by union of peripheral and central lymphatics, allowing the collection of intestine-derived peripheral lymph cells via the thoracic duct for several days. These cells include a proportion of nonlymphoid cells (NLC) that show irregular and heterogeneous surface morphology including long pseudopodia and veils. They stain variably for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and are ATPase-positive. Their nuclei are irregular and some contain cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which show peroxidase activity and/or contain DNA. NLC have a range of densitites generally lower than that of lymphocytes. Freshly collected NLC express the leukocyte-common antigen (defined by monoclonal antibody MRC Ox 1) and Ia antigens (I-A and I-E subregion products defined by monoclonal antibodies) but they show a relative lack of other surface markers normally found on rat B or T lymphocytes (W3/13, W3/25, MRC Ox 12 (sIg), MRC Ox 19) or rat macrophages (FcR, C'R, mannose R, W3/25). In general NLC are only weakly adherent to glass or plastic. Although a subpopulation of NLC appear to have had a phagocytic past, freshly collected NLC fail to phagocytose a variety of test particles in vitro. NLC also appear incapable of pinocytosis in vitro. This heterogeneity may represent distinct subpopulations of NLC or different stages in the development of a single cell lineage. Direct cannulation of mesenteric lacteals shows that the majority of NLC are derived from the small intestine and their precursors appear to be present both in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Kinetic studies, following irradiation or intravenous tritiated thymidine, show that the majority of NLC turn over rapidly in the intestine with a modal time of 3-5 d. Studies with bone marrow chimeras show that they are derived from a rapidly dividing precursor present in normal bone marrow. NLC occur at very low frequencies in normal thoracic duct lymph at all times following cannulation. The evidence presented suggests that NLC closely resemble mouse lymphoid dendritic cells. This conclusion is supported by evidence already obtained showing that NLC are potent stimulators of the semi-allogeneic rat primary mixed leukocyte reaction. In addition to the ceils resembling dendritic cells rare monocytoid cells are found in thoracic duct lymph of lymphadenectomized specific pathogen-free rats. The proportion of these cells increases greatly when the animals are conventionally housed. It seems probable that the physiological function of NLC is to act as accessory cells in the lymph nodes to which they normally drain. Methods for enriching NLC and thus facilitating analysis of their functions are discussed.

scholarly journals Brief Note: Marrow Repopulating Ability of Peripheral Blood Cells Compared to Thoracic Duct Cells

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. STORB ◽  
R. B. EPSTEIN ◽  
E. D. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Peripheral Blood Cells ◽  
Hemopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Marrow Repopulating Ability

Abstract Ten dogs were exposed to 1200 r. of whole body irradiation at a dose rate of 9.2 r./min. Five of these dogs were then given infusions of 21 to 74 x 109 autologous peripheral blood cells which had been previously stored at -80 C. 4.0 to 19.4 x 109 of these cells were lymphocytes, 0.4 to 4.9 x 109 were monocytes and 16.4 to 50.3 x 109 were granulocytes. All five dogs showed clinical or histologic evidence of bone marrow repopulation. The remaining 5 dogs were given 7 to 22 x 109 autologous thoracic duct lymphocytes. In none of these dogs was marrow repopulation observed. It was concluded that hemopoietic stem cells are not present in the thoracic duct lymph of the dog in any appreciable number.

scholarly journals THE LIFE-SPAN AND RECIRCULATION OF MARROW-DERIVED SMALL LYMPHOCYTES FROM THE RAT THORACIC DUCT

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Life Span ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Marrow Cells

These experiments describe the preparation of pure marrow-derived lymphocyte suspensions from the thoracic duct of thymectomized, irradiated rats reconstituted with bone marrow cells. The majority of marrow-derived cells were small lymphocytes morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph of normal donors. Marrow-derived small lymphocytes (B lymphocytes) were a predominantly long-lived population; the frequency of short-lived B lymphocytes in the thoracic duct was not significantly higher than the frequency of short-lived small lymphocytes in normal lymph. B lymphocytes transferred to normal recipients recirculated from blood to lymph. The first appearance of intravenously injected B lymphocytes in the thoracic duct was delayed relative to lymphocytes from normal donors and there was no clear cut modal recirculation time. Nevertheless their recirculation over a 48 hr period after transfusion was of the same order of magnitude as that of lymphocytes from normal donors.

Long-lived T and B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thoracic duct lymph of the mouse

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Röpke ◽  
H.P. Hougen ◽  
N.B. Everett
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

scholarly journals Labelling of Cells in Thoracic Duct Lymph of the Guinea Pig after Tritiated Thymidine

Nature ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 182 (4649) ◽  
pp. 1608-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. YOFFEY ◽  
N. B. EVERETT ◽  
W. O. REINHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

scholarly journals The Appearance of Labeled Cells in the Thoracic Duct Lymph of the Guinea Pig after the Administration of Tritiated Thymidine

Blood ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. EVERETT ◽  
W. O. REINHARDT ◽  
J. M. YOFFEY
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Cell Series ◽  
Sequential Appearance

Abstract Tritium-labeled thymidine was given by either intraperitoneal or intravenous injection to 13 male guinea pigs of approximately 400 Gm. weight. At times varying from 1 hour to 30 days after the administration of thymidine, thoracic duct lymph was obtained and examined for the presence of labeled cells. After a single dose of thymidine, a steady stream of labeled lymphocytes, ranging from 2 to 7 per cent of the total cells, enters the blood over the period studied. The intensity of the labeling appears to diminish gradually. Labeled large and medium lymphocytes were found in the lymph during the first hour. Labeled small lymphocytes began to appear in the fourth hour, in small numbers, and thereafter increased, whereas the proportion of labeled large and medium lymphocytes steadily diminished. This sequential appearance of large, medium and small lymphocytes is interpreted as indicating the pattern of development of the cell series. The labeled small lymphocytes appearing in the lymph are considered to be newly formed from precursor cells located in the various lymphatic tissues.

scholarly journals CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1968 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Mitchell ◽  
J. F. A. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Duct Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Thymus Cells

The number of discrete hemolytic foci and of hemolysin-forming cells arising in the spleens of heavily irradiated mice given sheep erythrocytes and either syngeneic thymus or bone marrow was not significantly greater than that detected in controls given antigen alone. Thoracic duct cells injected with sheep erythrocytes significantly increased the number of hemolytic foci and 10 million cells gave rise to over 1000 hemolysin-forming cells per spleen. A synergistic effect was observed when syngeneic thoracic duct cells were mixed with syngeneic marrow cells: the number of hemolysin-forming cells produced in this case was far greater than could be accounted for by summating the activities of either cell population given alone. The number of hemolytic foci produced by the mixed population was not however greater than that produced by an equivalent number of thoracic duct cells given without bone marrow. Thymus cells given together with syngeneic bone marrow enabled irradiated mice to produce hemolysin-forming cells but were much less effective than the same number of thoracic duct cells. Likewise syngeneic thymus cells were not as effective as thoracic duct cells in enabling thymectomized irradiated bone marrow-protected hosts to produce hemolysin-forming cells in response to sheep erythrocytes. Irradiated recipients of semiallogeneic thoracic duct cells produced hemolysin-forming cells of donor-type as shown by the use of anti-H2 sera. The identity of the hemolysin-forming cells in the spleens of irradiated mice receiving a mixed inoculum of semiallogeneic thoracic duct cells and syngeneic marrow was not determined because no synergistic effect was obtained in these recipients in contrast to the results in the syngeneic situation. Thymectomized irradiated mice protected with bone marrow for a period of 2 wk and injected with semiallogeneic thoracic duct cells together with sheep erythrocytes did however produce a far greater number of hemolysin-forming cells than irradiated mice receiving the same number of thoracic duct cells without bone marrow. Anti-H2 sera revealed that the antibody-forming cells arising in the spleens of these thymectomized irradiated hosts were derived, not from the injected thoracic duct cells, but from bone marrow. It is concluded that thoracic duct lymph contains a mixture of cell types: some are hemolysin-forming cell precursors and others are antigen-reactive cells which can interact with antigen and initiate the differentiation of hemolysin-forming cell precursors to antibody-forming cells. Bone marrow contains only precursors of hemolysin-forming cells and thymus contains only antigen-reactive cells but in a proportion that is far less than in thoracic duct lymph.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF EOSINOPHILIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Basten ◽  
Paul B. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Antilymphocyte Serum ◽  
Diffusion Chambers ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Diffusible Factor ◽  
Secondary Type

A possible role for the lymphocyte in the mechanism of eosinopoiesis has been examined. Procedures known to deplete or inactivate the pool of recirculating lymphocytes such as neonatal thymectomy, administration of antilymphocyte serum, and prolonged thoracic duct drainage, either singly or in combination, resulted in a highly significant reduction in the eosinophil response to trichinosis. Irradiated animals exposed to parasitic challenge did not develop eosinophilia unless reconstituted with lymphocytes as well as bone marrow cells. When "memory" cells were used instead of normal lymphocytes, a "secondary" type of eosinophil response was observed. Transfer of a primary eosinophilia was achieved adoptively with a population of living large lymphocytes from thoracic duct lymph and peripheral blood, but not with blood plasma or cell-free lymph. The potency of the active lymphocytes was not impaired by enclosing them in cell-tight diffusion chambers, indicating that they exerted an effect on bone marrow by agency of a diffusible factor. The demonstration of a role for lymphocytes in induction of the eosinophil response to this kind of stimulus supports the conclusion that eosinophilia belongs in the category of immunologic phenomena.

scholarly journals Studies of Lymphocyte Kinetics in Man

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEYMOUR PERRY ◽  
GEORGE L. IRVIN ◽  
JACQUELINE WHANG
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Studies of certain aspects of lymphocyte kinetics were performed in nine patients with malignancies but who were hematologically normal. Following the administration of tritiated thymidine, well-labeled large lymphocytes appeared very promptly in thoracic duct lymph along with some lightly labeled small lymphocytes. Specific activity was higher in the thoracic duct lymph lymphocytes as compared to the peripheral blood leukocytes for at least the first 50 hours. When male patients were transfused with thoracic duct lymphocyte obtained from female donors, lymphocytes with a female karyotype were observed as early as 10 hours in the thoracic duct lymph and as early as one hour in the peripheral blood. The evidence presented in these studies confirms data previously obtained only in animal experiments and indicates that homologous lymphocytes may circulate as long as 9 days in appropriate recipients.

scholarly journals THE INTERACTION OF MYCOPLASMAS WITH MAMMALIAN CELLS

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Zucker-Franklin ◽  
Morton Davidson ◽  
Lewis Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The incubation of mycoplasmas with human peripheral blood buffy coats resulted in the uptake of these microorganisms by more than 50% of the mononuclear cells. Mycoplasmas adhered to the plasma membranes of all leukocytes, most of which developed long cytoplasmic processes not seen in the controls. In human and rat thoracic duct lymph, about 6% of the cells ingested the microorganisms. T2 phage and thorotrast were taken up by a similar percentage of lymphocytes. On morphological grounds, the cells which were able to take up PPLO's or particles could not be distinguished from the cells which were incapable of this function. Following phagocytosis, neither the cell nor the microorganism showed any morphological alterations over a 3 hr period of observation. The demonstration that a small percentage of "lymphocytes" are able to phagocytose may have pathological and immunological implications.

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