scholarly journals MECHANISM OF EOSINOPHILIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Basten ◽  
Paul B. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Antilymphocyte Serum ◽  
Diffusion Chambers ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Diffusible Factor ◽  
Secondary Type

A possible role for the lymphocyte in the mechanism of eosinopoiesis has been examined. Procedures known to deplete or inactivate the pool of recirculating lymphocytes such as neonatal thymectomy, administration of antilymphocyte serum, and prolonged thoracic duct drainage, either singly or in combination, resulted in a highly significant reduction in the eosinophil response to trichinosis. Irradiated animals exposed to parasitic challenge did not develop eosinophilia unless reconstituted with lymphocytes as well as bone marrow cells. When "memory" cells were used instead of normal lymphocytes, a "secondary" type of eosinophil response was observed. Transfer of a primary eosinophilia was achieved adoptively with a population of living large lymphocytes from thoracic duct lymph and peripheral blood, but not with blood plasma or cell-free lymph. The potency of the active lymphocytes was not impaired by enclosing them in cell-tight diffusion chambers, indicating that they exerted an effect on bone marrow by agency of a diffusible factor. The demonstration of a role for lymphocytes in induction of the eosinophil response to this kind of stimulus supports the conclusion that eosinophilia belongs in the category of immunologic phenomena.

scholarly journals Brief Note: Marrow Repopulating Ability of Peripheral Blood Cells Compared to Thoracic Duct Cells

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. STORB ◽  
R. B. EPSTEIN ◽  
E. D. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Peripheral Blood Cells ◽  
Hemopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Marrow Repopulating Ability

Abstract Ten dogs were exposed to 1200 r. of whole body irradiation at a dose rate of 9.2 r./min. Five of these dogs were then given infusions of 21 to 74 x 109 autologous peripheral blood cells which had been previously stored at -80 C. 4.0 to 19.4 x 109 of these cells were lymphocytes, 0.4 to 4.9 x 109 were monocytes and 16.4 to 50.3 x 109 were granulocytes. All five dogs showed clinical or histologic evidence of bone marrow repopulation. The remaining 5 dogs were given 7 to 22 x 109 autologous thoracic duct lymphocytes. In none of these dogs was marrow repopulation observed. It was concluded that hemopoietic stem cells are not present in the thoracic duct lymph of the dog in any appreciable number.

scholarly journals THE LIFE-SPAN AND RECIRCULATION OF MARROW-DERIVED SMALL LYMPHOCYTES FROM THE RAT THORACIC DUCT

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Life Span ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Marrow Cells

These experiments describe the preparation of pure marrow-derived lymphocyte suspensions from the thoracic duct of thymectomized, irradiated rats reconstituted with bone marrow cells. The majority of marrow-derived cells were small lymphocytes morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph of normal donors. Marrow-derived small lymphocytes (B lymphocytes) were a predominantly long-lived population; the frequency of short-lived B lymphocytes in the thoracic duct was not significantly higher than the frequency of short-lived small lymphocytes in normal lymph. B lymphocytes transferred to normal recipients recirculated from blood to lymph. The first appearance of intravenously injected B lymphocytes in the thoracic duct was delayed relative to lymphocytes from normal donors and there was no clear cut modal recirculation time. Nevertheless their recirculation over a 48 hr period after transfusion was of the same order of magnitude as that of lymphocytes from normal donors.

scholarly journals Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 1511-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Andersson ◽  
A Coutinho ◽  
F Melchers
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Old Mice

Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells have been determined in vitro under culture conditions which allow every growth-inducible B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting PFC. The frequencies of LPS-reactive B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; BALB/c ν/ν; C57BL/6J; DBA/2J; C57BL/6J x DBA/(2J)F(1); and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c ν/ν, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. Newborn spleen contained approximately 10 percent of the number of reactive cells found at 6- to 8-wk of age. From there the frequencies declined again to drop below 5 percent of the maximal number at ages beyond 11 mo. LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. Their frequencies were one in three to five lymph node cells, 1 in 50 to 100 bone marrow cells, one in 10(5) thymus cells, and 1 in 20 to 40 thoracic duct or peripheral blood cells.

scholarly journals THE CARRIAGE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY BY SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gowans ◽  
Jonathan W. Uhr
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Immunological Memory ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Duct Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Secondary Type ◽  
Rapid Antibody

Lymphocytes were obtained from the thoracic duct of rats 1½ to 15 months after primary immunization with a single dose of bacteriophage ϕX 174. An intravenous injection of these lymphocytes conferred on heavily X-irradiated rats the ability to form antibody in a secondary-type manner after a first injection of ϕX. Negligible responses were obtained after cell transfer if the recipients were not challenged with antigen. Thoracic duct cells from some immunized donors were incubated in vitro for 24 hr before transfer in order to destroy selectively the large, dividing lymphocytes. The responsiveness conferred on X-irradiated recipients by such "incubated" inocula was then compared with that given by equal numbers of "fresh" thoracic duct cells. In all such comparisons the recipients of the "incubated" cells gave higher and more rapid antibody responses. It was concluded that the cells in thoracic duct lymph which carried immunological memory were small lymphocytes.

scholarly journals MIGRATION OF LYMPHOCYTES AND THYMOCYTES IN THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Goldschneider ◽  
Douglas D. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Splenic White Pulp

The cellular deficit in rats thymectomized at birth is primarily one of circulating small lymphocytes. The lymphocyte deficiency is similar to that induced in adult rats by chronic drainage from a thoracic duct fistula. In both cases, the animals show a reduction of small lymphocytes in peripheral blood, thoracic duct lymph, and in circumscribed areas of lymphoid tissue. The lympocyte deficiency in lymphoid tissue can be corrected by an intravenous injection of thoracic duct lymphocytes. The evidence suggests that the deficiency is corrected by small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes pass from blood to lymphoid tissue along a route which includes the marginal sinus in splenic white pulp and postcapillary venules in the cortex of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Neither the ability of small lymphocytes to colonize lymphoid tissue nor their ability to traverse postcapillary venules are thymus-dependent phenomena. However, movement of small lymphocytes across postcapillary venules appears to modify the structure of endothelium. Intravenously injected small thymocytes migrate to lymphoid tissue in smaller numbers than small lymphocytes inoculated by the same route. The few thymocytes which localize in lymphoid tissue follow the same pathway as circulating small lymphocytes.

Long-lived T and B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thoracic duct lymph of the mouse

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Röpke ◽  
H.P. Hougen ◽  
N.B. Everett
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

scholarly journals Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph

1983 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1758-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Pugh ◽  
GG MacPherson ◽  
HW Steer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

Mesenteric lymphadenectomy in rats is followed by union of peripheral and central lymphatics, allowing the collection of intestine-derived peripheral lymph cells via the thoracic duct for several days. These cells include a proportion of nonlymphoid cells (NLC) that show irregular and heterogeneous surface morphology including long pseudopodia and veils. They stain variably for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and are ATPase-positive. Their nuclei are irregular and some contain cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which show peroxidase activity and/or contain DNA. NLC have a range of densitites generally lower than that of lymphocytes. Freshly collected NLC express the leukocyte-common antigen (defined by monoclonal antibody MRC Ox 1) and Ia antigens (I-A and I-E subregion products defined by monoclonal antibodies) but they show a relative lack of other surface markers normally found on rat B or T lymphocytes (W3/13, W3/25, MRC Ox 12 (sIg), MRC Ox 19) or rat macrophages (FcR, C'R, mannose R, W3/25). In general NLC are only weakly adherent to glass or plastic. Although a subpopulation of NLC appear to have had a phagocytic past, freshly collected NLC fail to phagocytose a variety of test particles in vitro. NLC also appear incapable of pinocytosis in vitro. This heterogeneity may represent distinct subpopulations of NLC or different stages in the development of a single cell lineage. Direct cannulation of mesenteric lacteals shows that the majority of NLC are derived from the small intestine and their precursors appear to be present both in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Kinetic studies, following irradiation or intravenous tritiated thymidine, show that the majority of NLC turn over rapidly in the intestine with a modal time of 3-5 d. Studies with bone marrow chimeras show that they are derived from a rapidly dividing precursor present in normal bone marrow. NLC occur at very low frequencies in normal thoracic duct lymph at all times following cannulation. The evidence presented suggests that NLC closely resemble mouse lymphoid dendritic cells. This conclusion is supported by evidence already obtained showing that NLC are potent stimulators of the semi-allogeneic rat primary mixed leukocyte reaction. In addition to the ceils resembling dendritic cells rare monocytoid cells are found in thoracic duct lymph of lymphadenectomized specific pathogen-free rats. The proportion of these cells increases greatly when the animals are conventionally housed. It seems probable that the physiological function of NLC is to act as accessory cells in the lymph nodes to which they normally drain. Methods for enriching NLC and thus facilitating analysis of their functions are discussed.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN AND TURNOVER OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN PERITONEAL EXUDATES IN RATS

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Volkman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Kinetics Of

Tritiated thymidine-labeling data in individual and parabiotic rats showed that macrophages in peritoneal exudates were derived from cells in the blood which were the progeny of rapidly and continuously proliferating precursors. The characteristics of this population identify them with free macrophages studied in other sites; similarly, they can be obtained from transfused bone marrow. Cells in the exudates which were morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes were also found to have the labeling features of a rapidly proliferating population in contrast with the known kinetics of the majority of small lymphocytes in blood and thoracic duct lymph. However, experimental evidence indicated that the lymphocytelike exudate cells had emigrated from the blood and that bone marrow was a source of their precursors. These findings support the concept of the heterogeneity of lymphocytes. The possible relationships among the mononuclear cells is discussed.

scholarly journals CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1968 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. P. Miller ◽  
G. F. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Duct Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Thymectomized Mice

An injection of viable thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes was absolutely essential to enable a normal or near-normal 19S liemolysin-forming cell response in the spleens of neonatally thymectomized mice challenged with sheep erythrocytes. Syngeneic thymus lymphocytes were as effective as thoracic duct lymphocytes in this system and allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells could also reconstitute their hosts. No significant elevation of the response was achieved by giving either bone marrow cells, irradiated thymus or thoracic duct cells, thymus extracts or yeast. Spleen cells from reconstituted mice were exposed to anti-H2 sera directed against either the donor of the thymus or thoracic duct cells, or against the neonatally thymectomized host. Only isoantisera directed against the host could significantly reduce the number of hemolysin-forming cells present in the spleen cell suspensions. It is concluded that these antibody-forming cells are derived, not from the inoculated thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes, but from the host. Thoracic duct cells from donors specifically immunologically tolerant of sheep erythrocytes had a markedly reduced restorative capacity in neonatally thymectomized recipients challenged with sheep erythrocytes. These results have suggested that there are cell types, in thymus or thoracic duct lymph, with capacities to react specifically with antigen and to induce the differentiation, to antibody-forming cells, of hemolysin-forming cell precursors derived from a separate cell line present in the neonatally thymectomized hosts.

scholarly journals Sternberg-Reed Cells in the Thoracic Duct Lymph of Patients with Hodgkin’s Disease

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ENGESET ◽  
I. O. BRENNHOVD ◽  
I. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
S. HAGEN ◽  
K. HØEG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

Abstract Typical Sternberg-Reed cells were found in the thoracic duct lymph in three of four patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease, but in none of the patients were these cells demonstrated in the peripheral blood. The findings are discussed.

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