scholarly journals Coupled complementation of immune response genes controlling responsiveness to the H-2.2 alloantigen.

1977 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Dorf ◽  
J H Stimpfling
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Low Responder ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

The ability of various B10 congenic resistant strains to respond to the alloantigen H-2.2 was tested. High and low antibody-producing strains were distinguished by their anti-H-2.2 hemagglutinating respones. However, these strains do not differ in their ability to respond to these antigenic differences in the mixed lymphocyte culture. The humoral response to the H-2.2 alloantigen was shown to be controlled by two interacting genes localized within the H-2 complex. Thus, F1 hybrids prepared between parental low responder strains could yield high level immune responses. In addition, strains bearing recombinant H-2 haplotypes were used to map the two distinct genes controlling the immune response. The alleles at each locus were shown to be highly polymorphic as evidenced by the asymmetric complementation patterns observed. The restricted interactions of specific alleles was termed coupled complementation. The significance of the results in the terms of mechanisms of Ir gene control are discussed.

scholarly journals Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Martiñón ◽  
Angel Cisneros ◽  
Sergio Villicaña ◽  
Ricardo Hernández-Miramontes ◽  
Edgar Mixcoha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Bacterial Origin ◽  
Monophosphoryl Lipid A ◽  
Oil Water

Adjuvants are a diverse family of substances whose main objective is to increase the strength, quality, and duration of the immune response caused by vaccines. The most commonly used adjuvants are aluminum-based, oil-water emulsion, and bacterial-origin adjuvants. In this paper, we will discuss how the election of adjuvants is important for the adjuvant-mediated induction of immunity for different types of vaccines. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most commonly used, the safest, and have the best efficacy, due to the triggering of a strong humoral response, albeit generating a weak induction of cell-mediated immune response. Freund’s adjuvant is the most widely used oil-water emulsion adjuvant in animal trials; it stimulates inflammation and causes aggregation and precipitation of soluble protein antigens that facilitate the uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Adjuvants of bacterial origin, such as flagellin,E. colimembranes, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), are known to potentiate immune responses, but their safety and risks are the main concern of their clinical use. This minireview summarizes the mechanisms that classic and novel adjuvants produce to stimulate immune responses.

scholarly journals The immune response of allophenic mice to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-bovine gamma globulin. I. Allotype analysis of anti-DNP antibody

1978 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 1849-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Warner ◽  
TJ Berntson ◽  
L Eakley ◽  
JL McIvor ◽  
RC Newton
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Responder ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Low Responder ◽  
Bone Marrow Chimeras

The question of whether or not lymphoid cells can cooperate across a histocompatibility difference barrier has been studied in several laboratories. Using an adoptive transfer system, Katz et al. (1) first showed that T cells from (low responder × high responder) F(1) mice, primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT), could collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from a high responder, but not a low responder strain, in response to DNP-GLT. The response to GLT is under H- 2-1inked Ir gene control. In contrast, studies with mouse bone marrow chimeras have shown that T cells can interact with H-2-histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (2-4). Another type of chimera, the allophenic mouse, has been used to study possible histoincompatible cell interactions to a number of antigens, including DNP-L- glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine; L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine; L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine; and poly-L (Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L- Ala-poly-L-Lys[T,G)-A-L] (5-9). The response to each of these antigens is under H-2-1inked Ir gene control. It was initially reported (8, 9) that in allophenic mice containing both high and low responder cells, the antibody to (T,G)-A-L was of both the high and low responder allotype. This was interpreted to mean that high responder T cells had cooperated with low responder B cells across a histocompatibility difference barrier in the environment of the allophenic mice. However, Press and McDevitt (10) have recently reported that additional and more accurate analyses of these allophenic mouse sera failed to detect any anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody of the low responder allotype. Moreover, in an experiment using bone marrow chimeras, there was no low responder allotype antibody produced in response to (T,G)-A- L(10). The present study was undertaken to test the immune response of allophonic mice to an antigen, DNP-bovine gamma globulin (DNP(56)BGG), known to be controlled by genes both inside and outside the H-2 complex (11, 12).(1) When high and low responder cells to DNP(56)BGG are present in allophenic mice, only antibody of the high responder allotype is produced. The results suggest that cell cooperation in allophenic mice cannot occur across a histocompatibility difference barrier in response to an antigen whose genetic control is at least partially within the H-2 complex.

scholarly journals Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. IV. H-2-linked control of the relative proportions of antibodies produced to different determinants of native nuclease.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Berzofsky ◽  
A N Schechter ◽  
G M Shearer ◽  
D H Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Staphylococcal Nuclease ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Low Responder ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Ir Genes

The relative proportions of antibodies of different specificities within antisera raised to native staphylococcal nuclease have been studied in several strains of mice in which the antibody response has been shown to be under H-2-linked Ir-gene control. A method was developed in which binding to different radiolabeled fragments of nuclease was titrated against increasing fragment concentration until the binding capacity of the antiserum for that fragment was saturated. In comparing the low responder (H-2b) strain C57BL/10 with its congenic high responder counterpart B10.A (H-2a), it was found that the two strains made markedly and reproducibly different proportions of antibodies to different determinants on native nuclease. Since these two strains differ only at H-2, and therefore have identical immunoglobulin structural gene repertoires, we conclude that H-2-linked Ir genes can control the response to different determinants on the same antigen molecule independently of one another. This result suggests a possible role of H-2-linked genes in the selection of specific B cells.

scholarly journals ISCOM-like Nanoparticles Formulated with Quillaja brasiliensis Saponins Are Promising Adjuvants for Seasonal Influenza Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Mariana Rivera-Patron ◽  
María Moreno ◽  
Mariana Baz ◽  
Paulo M. Roehe ◽  
Samuel P. Cibulski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Saponin Fraction ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccination is the most effective public health intervention to prevent influenza infections, which are responsible for an important burden of respiratory illnesses and deaths each year. Currently, licensed influenza vaccines are mostly split inactivated, although in order to achieve higher efficacy rates, some influenza vaccines contain adjuvants. Although split-inactivated vaccines induce mostly humoral responses, tailoring mucosal and cellular immune responses is crucial for preventing influenza infections. Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based adjuvants, including ISCOM-like nanoparticles formulated with the QB-90 saponin fraction (IQB90), have been studied in preclinical models for more than a decade and have been demonstrated to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses towards several viral antigens. Herein, we demonstrate that a split-inactivated IQB90 adjuvanted influenza vaccine triggered a protective immune response, stronger than that induced by a commercial unadjuvanted vaccine, when applied either by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route. Moreover, we reveal that this novel adjuvant confers up to a ten-fold dose-sparing effect, which could be crucial for pandemic preparedness. Last but not least, we assessed the role of caspase-1/11 in the generation of the immune response triggered by the IQB90 adjuvanted influenza vaccine in a mouse model and found that the cellular-mediated immune response triggered by the IQB90-Flu relies, at least in part, on a mechanism involving the casp-1/11 pathway but not the humoral response elicited by this formulation.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FEMALE BLOOD AUTOSERUM ON ALLOGENIC INTERACTIONS IN SHORT-TERM LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES OF PARENTS HAVING CHILDREN WITH CONOTRUNCAL HEART MALFORMATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
S. V. Gorshkova ◽  
S. A. Shmulevich ◽  
A. V. Shabaldin ◽  
N. S. Deeva ◽  
A. V. Tsepokina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Lymphocyte Cultures ◽  
Heart Malformations ◽  
Humoral Regulation

Highlights The findings of this original study ensure the detection of violations in the humoral regulation of the maternal immune interactions with semiallogeneic fetus, considered as a risk factor for developing sporadic conotruncal heart malformations in the next generation.Aim To study the role of female autoserum blood in limiting allogeneic interactions in short-term lymphocyte cultures of parents having children with conotruncal heart malformations.Methods 21 married couples (the study group) with children suffering from conotrucnal heart malformations (Tetralogy of Fallot) without chromosomal diseases were examined. The control group consisted of 21 families with three or more healthy children. The immune response in a mixed lymphocyte culture of parents was assessed by the increase in HLA-DR expression in the mixed culture with respect to spontaneous lymphocyte cultures. Primary staining of female and male lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies to CD45, conjugated with various fluorescent dyes (PC-5 and PC-7), allowed assessing the immune response of female lymphocytes to male and vice versa.Results The effects of female autoserum on the mixed lymphocyte culture of parents were assessed. The obtained results reported that the birth of children with conotruncal heart malformations is associated with the interfering effect of female autoserum on HLA-DR expression on subpopulations of female lymphocytes (CD3+, HLA-DR+) and the activating effect on subpopulations of female lymphocytes (CD3-, HLA-DR+). The observed role of female autoserum in the study group may be associated with the absence of HLA-DR-blocking autoantibodies and high synthesis of cytokines by T2 and T3 helper lymphocytes.Conclusion The effects of female autoserum on allogeneic lymphocyte interactions of parents may be observed in short-term mixed lymphocyte cultures. The evaluation of the activating and interfering effects ensures timely identification of any violations in the humoral regulation of the maternal immune interactions with the HLA semiallogenic fetus, considered as a risk factor for developing sporadic conotruncal heart malformations in the next generation.

Effect of fusidic acid on the immune response in mice

1980 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-878
Author(s):  
A Bellahsène ◽  
A Forsgren
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fusidic Acid ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Primary Antibody Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spleen Lymphocytes ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of fusidic acid on the immune response in mice was studied. At the nontoxic dose of 500 mg/kg per day, the cell-mediated immunity was strongly inhibited. A marked and significant prolonged survival of split-heart allografts in treated animals was detected. The survival time of allografts in mice receiving fusidic acid from the day of the transplantation until the grafts were rejected was 26.1 days compared with 14.5 days in untreated animals. In mice treated also before the transplantation, the mean survival of the allografts were even longer. The phytohemagglutinin response, as well as the mixed lymphocyte culture stimulation of spleen lymphocytes from mice given 500 mg of fusidic acid per kg daily for 1 week, were significantly inhibited. At the same dose there was also a significantly decreased primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, but it was of limited biological significance. The immunosuppressive effect in animals treated with a human therapeutic dose of fusidic acid (25 mg/kg per day) was less pronounced but significant. The relevance of these results is discussed.

scholarly journals MexicanTrypanosoma cruzi(TCI) Strains with Different Degrees of Virulence Induce Diverse Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in a Murine Experimental Infection Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Espinoza ◽  
T. Rico ◽  
S. Sosa ◽  
E. Oaxaca ◽  
A. Vizcaino-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Th1 Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Immunoglobulin Isotypes ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Th1 Immune Response

It is has been shown that the majority ofT. cruzistrains isolated from Mexico belong to theT. cruziI (TCI). The immune response produced in response to MexicanT. cruziI strains has not been well characterized. In this study, two MexicanT. cruziI strains were used to infect Balb/c mice. The Queretaro (TBAR/MX/0000/Queretaro)(Qro) strain resulted in 100% mortality. In contrast, no mortality was observed in mice infected with the Ninoa (MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa) strain. Both strains produced extended lymphocyte infiltrates in cardiac tissue. Ninoa infection induced a diverse humoral response with a higher variety of immunoglobulin isotypes than were found in Qro-infected mice. Also, a stronger inflammatory TH1 response, represented by IL-12p40, IFNγ, RANTES, MIG, MIP-1β, and MCP-1 production was observed in Qro-infected mice when compared with Ninoa-infected mice. We propose that an exacerbated TH1 immune response is a likely cause of pathological damage observed in cardiac tissue and the primary cause of death in Qro-infected mice.

scholarly journals Ir gene function in an I-A subregion mutant B6.C-H-2bm12.

1981 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Michaelides ◽  
M Sandrin ◽  
G Morgan ◽  
I F McKenzie ◽  
R Ashman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Lymphocyte Response ◽  
Ia Antigens ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ir Genes

The B6.C-H2bm12 (bm 12) strain has a mutation in the I-A subregion of the murine H-2 complex and is characterized by a loss of serologically detected Ia antigens and a strong graft rejection and mixed lymphocyte response between parent and mutant. It was presumed that the mutation affected the Ia-1 gene and to determine the relationship of Ia antigens and Ir genes, the immune responses of mutant and parent were compared. The immune responses to poly(L-Tyr,LGlu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys), poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys), and poly(His,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys) in parent and mutant were same, indicating the Ia-1 and the Ir genes for these antigens are not identical. By contrast, although C57BL/6 gave a good response, the mutant strain was unable to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes to the male-specific H-Y antigen--a response under I-A subregion Ir gene control, which now must be considered to be the Ia-1 gene. In addition, complementary Ir genes in the H-2b haplotype for the H-Y immune response could be detected when the bm12 mutant was used.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Immune Response against Recombinant Proteins (TcpA, TcpB, and FlaA) as a Candidate Subunit Cholera Vaccine

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Molaee ◽  
Ghasem Mosayebi ◽  
Alireza Amozande-Nobaveh ◽  
Mohammad Reza Soleyman ◽  
Hamid Abtahi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Th2 Cell ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
High Level ◽  
Expression Plasmids

Vibrio choleraeis the causative agent of cholera and annually leads to death of thousands of people around the globe. Two factors in the pathogenesis of this bacterium are its pili and flagella. The main subunits of pili TcpA, TcpB, and FlaA are the constituent subunit of flagella. In this study, we studied the ability of pili and flagella subunits to stimulate immune responses in mice. After amplification of TcpA, TcpB, and FlaA genes using PCR, they were cloned in expression plasmids. After production of the above-mentioned proteins by using IPTG, the proteins were purified and then approved using immunoblot method. After injection of the purified proteins to a mice model, immune response stimulation was evaluated by measuring the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a antibody titers, IL5 and IFN-γ. Immune response stimulation against pili and flagella antigens was adequate. Given the high levels of IL5 titer and IgG1 antibody, the stimulated immune response was toward Th1. Humoral immune response stimulation is of key importance in prevention of cholera. Our immunological analysis shows the appropriate immune response in mice model after vaccination with recombinant proteins. The high level of IL5 and low level of IFN-γshow the activation of Th2 cell response.

scholarly journals Humoral and cellular immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with anti-CD20 therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 1342 patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Schietzel ◽  
Manuel Anderegg ◽  
Andreas Limacher ◽  
Alexander Born ◽  
Michael Horn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Anti Cd20 ◽  
Response Testing

Background Immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving anti-CD20 therapies are impaired but vary considerably. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced humoral and cell-mediated immune response in patients previously treated with anti-CD20 antibodies. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Medrxiv and SSRN using variations of search terms 'anti-CD20', 'vaccine' and 'COVID' and included original studies up to August 21st,2021. We excluded studies with missing data on humoral or cell-mediated immune response, unspecified methodology of response testing, unspecified timeframes between vaccination and blood sampling or low number of participants (n<=3). We excluded individual patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or incomplete vaccine courses. Primary endpoints were humoral and cell-mediated immune response rates. Pre-specified subgroups were time of vaccination after anti-CD20 therapy (< vs > 6 months), time point of response testing after vaccination (< vs > 4 weeks) and disease entity (autoimmune vs cancer vs renal transplant). We used random-effects models of proportions. Findings Ninety studies were assessed. Inclusion criteria were met by 23 studies comprising 1342 patients. Overall rate of humoral response was 0.41 (95% CI 0.35-0.47). Overall rate of cell-mediated immune responses was 0.71 (95% CI 0.47-0.90). Longer time interval since last anti-CD20 therapy was associated with higher humoral response rates > 6 months 0.63 (95% CI 0.53-0.72) vs < 6 months 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.43); p = 0.001. Compared to patients with haematological malignancies or autoimmune diseases, anti-CD20 treated kidney transplant recipients showed the lowest vaccination response rates. Interpretation Patients on anti-CD20 therapies can develop humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, but subgroups such as kidney transplant recipients or those with very recent B-cell depleting therapy are at high risk for non-seroconversion and should be individually assessed for personalized SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategies. Potential limitations are small patient numbers, heterogeneous diseases and assays used. Funding This study was funded by Bern University Hospital.

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