scholarly journals Disruption of mosGILT in Anopheles gambiae impairs ovarian development and Plasmodium infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Tyler R. Schleicher ◽  
Yuemei Dong ◽  
Hyun Bong Park ◽  
Jiangfeng Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Yolk Protein ◽  
Anopheles Mosquito ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Plasmodium Infection ◽  
Thiol Reductase

Plasmodium infection in Anopheles is influenced by mosquito-derived factors. We previously showed that a protein in saliva from infected Anopheles, mosquito gamma-interferon–inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (mosGILT), inhibits the ability of sporozoites to traverse cells and readily establish infection of the vertebrate host. To determine whether mosGILT influences Plasmodium within the mosquito, we generated Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes carrying mosaic mutations in the mosGILT gene using CRISPR/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9). Here, we show that female mosaic mosGILT mutant mosquitoes display defects in ovarian development and refractoriness to Plasmodium. Following infection by either Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium falciparum, mutant mosquitoes have significantly reduced oocyst numbers as a result of increased thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1)–dependent parasite killing. Expression of vitellogenin (Vg), the major yolk protein that can reduce the parasite-killing efficiency of TEP1, is severely impaired in mutant mosquitoes. MosGILT is a mosquito factor that is essential for ovarian development and indirectly protects both human and rodent Plasmodium species from mosquito immunity.

scholarly journals PLASMODIUM DOMINAN DALAM NYAMUK ANOPHELES BETINA (Anopheles spp.) PADA BEBERAPA TEMPAT DI DISTRIK MANOKWARI BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Rina A. Mogea
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Anopheles Mosquito ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Anopheles Farauti ◽  
Male Mosquito

Malaria contagious by mosquito Anopheles Betina bringing protozoa parasite in its body (Plasmodium). Plasmodium there are four specieses that is Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum, but often becomes pathogen that is Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. As for intention of this research is to identify Plasmodium which is dominant at female Anopheles mosquito (Anopheles spp.) and knows distribution pattern of female Anopheles mosquito (Anopheles spp.) in some places in Districts Manokwari Barat. Based on research result done to four locations that is area Amban, Wosi, Sanggeng and Kota is found [by] 1024 mosquito tails. From the amounts only 115 mosquito tails was mosquito Anopheles Betina while the other is mosquito Anopheles male, mosquito Culex and Aedes. Mosquito Anopheles Betina found consisted of 4 species that is Anopheles bancrofti, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles farauti and Anopheles koliensis. Mosquito Anopheles Betina which is dissected, obtained 2 the Plasmodium species in mosquito spit gland is Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, and from calculation by index dominant can be told that both types of this very dominant Plasmodium in Districts Manokwari Barat because its the dominant index > 5%.

scholarly journals Detection of mixed infection of Plasmodium species in the Southern province of Rwanda. Case study: Ruhango, Bunyogombe and Kibilizi Health centres

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Regis Ndahiro ◽  
Pascal Bizimana ◽  
Ella Larissa Ndoricyimpaye ◽  
Alphonse Hakizimana ◽  
Jean Damascene Mfizi
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Falciparum Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Plasmodium Infection ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa including Rwanda. Though the prevalence of malaria has been reduced due to the use of indoor residual sprayings and insecticide-treated bed nets, it is still a disease that kills many people annually. Many studies conducted revealed that in sub-Saharan Africa including Rwanda there is a high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum. However, there is still a gap in the identification of the presence of mixed Plasmodium infection. This study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of Plasmodium species as well as that of mixed plasmodium infection in Ruhango and Kibilizi Health centres. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 participants in Ruhango, Bunyogombe and Kibilizi health centres located in the southern province of Rwanda. The conventional sampling strategy was used for the selection of individuals who consented to participate in the study. Blood samples were used to detect Plasmodium species and the obtained data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and IBM SPSS version 21. Results: Among 126 participants presenting with signs and symptoms of malaria, the overall positive cases of Plasmodium species were 61(48.4%) and among the total positive cases 56 (44.5%) were infected with single Plasmodium species while 5 (4%) were infected with mixed Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species infecting 49 (39%) participants while Plasmodium vivax was the least prevalent infection, detected in only 1(0.8%) participant. Conclusion: The study identified the significant prevalence of mixed-species of Plasmodium infection as well as the high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in the study population. These findings suggest that there is a need for continued monitoring of non-falciparum infection in this population and the introduction of species-specific RDTs that can be used for diagnostic purposes.

scholarly journals The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae : an estimation of parasite efficacy

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Clément Gouagna ◽  
Louis Clément Gouagna ◽  
Bert Mulder ◽  
Bert Mulder ◽  
Elisabeth Noubissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae

scholarly journals Human biting rhythm of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 (Diptera: Culicidae) and sleeping behaviour of pregnant women in a lagoon area in Southern Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Djènontin ◽  
Aziz Bouraima ◽  
Christophe Soares ◽  
Seun Egbinola ◽  
Gilles Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Southern Benin

Abstract Objective In the framework of EVALMOUS study aiming to assess the use and effectiveness of mosquito nets by pregnant women and other members of their household in a lagoon area in southern Benin, the behaviour of pregnant women relative to the time they go to bed using the net were recorded. Malaria vectors biting rhythm, Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance genes in malaria vectors were also determined. Results Overall, 3848 females of Anopheles gambiae s. l were collected and 280 pregnant women responded to the survey. Almost all Anopheles gambiae s. l. tested were Anopheles coluzzi Coetzee and Wilkerson 2013 (Diptera: Culicidae). The CSP index in malaria vector was 1.85% and the allelic frequency of kdr gene was 74.4%. Around 90% of bites and Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) transmission occurred between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., which coincides with the period when more than 80% of pregnant women were under bednet. Despite a slight early evening and early morning biting activity of malaria vectors in the study area, the good use of nets might remain a useful protection tool against mosquito biting and malaria transmission.

scholarly journals Effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes from Mali on Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (47) ◽  
pp. 12566-12571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio M. Gomes ◽  
Bretta L. Hixson ◽  
Miles D. W. Tyner ◽  
Jose Luis Ramirez ◽  
Gaspar E. Canepa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L ◽  
Cat Fleas ◽  
Sporozoite Infection

A naturally occurring Wolbachia strain (wAnga-Mali) was identified in mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected in the Malian villages of Dangassa and Kenieroba. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of two 16S rRNA regions showed that wAnga-Mali clusters with Wolbachia strains from supergroup A and has the highest homology to a Wolbachia strain isolated from cat fleas (Ctenocephalides). wAnga-Mali is different from two Wolbachia strains previously reported in A. gambiae from Burkina Faso (wAnga_VK5_STP and wAnga_VK5_3.1a). Quantitative analysis of Wolbachia and Plasmodium sporozoite infection in field-collected mosquitoes indicates that the prevalence and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection is significantly lower in Wolbachia-infected females. The presence of Wolbachia in females from a laboratory Anopheles coluzzii (A. gambiae, M form) colony experimentally infected with P. falciparum (NF54 strain) gametocyte cultures slightly enhanced oocyst infection. However, Wolbachia infection significantly reduced the prevalence and intensity of sporozoite infection, as observed in the field. This indicates that wAnga-Mali infection does not limit early stages of Plasmodium infection in the mosquito, but it has a strong deleterious effect on sporozoites and reduces malaria transmission.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism affects susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to Plasmodium infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Henrique M. Oliveira ◽  
Renata L.S. Gonçalves ◽  
Giselle A. Oliveira ◽  
Pedro L. Oliveira ◽  
Marcus F. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Plasmodium Infection

scholarly journals Anopheles gambiae APL1 Is a Family of Variable LRR Proteins Required for Rel1-Mediated Protection from the Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei

PLoS ONE ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. e3672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Riehle ◽  
Jiannong Xu ◽  
Brian P. Lazzaro ◽  
Susan M. Rottschaefer ◽  
Boubacar Coulibaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium

scholarly journals Anti-malarial plants in Ethiopia and their activities on drug resistant malaria

FEMS Microbes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yimeslal Atnafu Sema ◽  
Teshale Areda Waktola
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Effective Activity ◽  
Croton Macrostachyus ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Malaria Containment ◽  
Low Malaria Transmission

Abstract In Ethiopia, the impacts of malaria continue to cause a many number of morbidity and mortality that accounts to most outpatient observations. Ethiopia recently designed to attain nationwide malaria control by 2030 by beginning sub-national elimination in districts with low malaria transmission. However, the rises of drug-resistant parasites, especially Plasmodium falciparum hinder the malaria containment strategies. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, dispersed all over the Ethiopia and accounting for 60% and 40% of malaria cases respectively. The aim of this report was to overview the phytochemical constituents, diversity and effect of some compound extracts on drug resistant plasmodium species. Many plant species, a total 200 identified by 82 studies, are used in traditional malaria treatments throughout the country. Allium sativum, Croton macrostachyus and Carica papaya were the more frequently used medicinal plants species. There are so many phytochemicals constituents found in medicinal plants used to treat malaria. Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenolics, Terpenoid and Glycosides are the most reported for their effective activity on drug resistant malaria.

scholarly journals Deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in rapid diagnostic test-negative Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam L Nsobya ◽  
Andrew Walakira ◽  
Elizabeth Namirembe ◽  
Moses Kiggundu ◽  
Joaniter I Nankabirwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Blood Smears

Abstract Background: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) play a key role in malaria case management. The most widely used RDT identifies Plasmodium falciparum based on immunochromatographic recognition of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2). Deletion of the homologous pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes leads to false-negative PfHRP2-based RDTs, and has been reported in P. falciparum from South America and Africa. However, identification of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions has usually been based only on failure to amplify these genes using PCR, without confirmation based on protein expression, and our understanding of the true prevalence of deletions is incomplete. Methods: We investigated pfhrp2 / pfhrp3 deletions in blood samples from cross-sectional surveys in 2012-13 in three regions of varied malaria transmission intensity in Uganda. We evaluated samples with positive Giemsa-stained thick blood smears and negative PfHRP2-based RDTs by PCR amplification of conserved subunit ribosomal DNA for Plasmodium species, PCR amplification of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes to identify deletions, and bead-based immunoassays for expression ofPfHRP2. Results: Of 3516 samples collected in cross-sectional surveys, 1493 (42.5%) had positive blood smears, of which 96 (6.4%) were RDT-negative. Of these 96 RDT-negative samples, P. falciparum was identified in 56 (58%) and only non-falciparum plasmodial DNA in 40 (42%). In all 56 P. falciparum -positive samples there was a failure to amplify pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 :in 25 (45%) pfhrp2 was not amplified, in 39 (70%) pfhrp3 was not amplified, and in 19 (34%) neither gene was amplified. For the 39 P. falciparum -positive, RDT-negative samples available for analysis of protein expression, PfHRP2 was not identified by immunoassay in only four samples (10.3%); these four samples all had failure to amplify both pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 by PCR. Thus, only four of 96 (4.2%) smear-positive, RDT-negative samples had P. falciparum infections with deletion of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 confirmed by failure to amplify the genes by PCR and lack of expression of PfHRP2 demonstrated by immunoassay. Conclusion: False negative RDTs were uncommon, and deletions in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 explained some of these findings, although most false negatives were not due to deletion of the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes.

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