scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF GALL-BLADDER INFECTIONS IN TYPHOID, CHOLERA, AND DYSENTERY

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Portal System ◽  
Mesenteric Vein ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prevention And Cure

1. The theory of the production of gall-bladder lesions in typhoid, by descending infection of the bile from the liver receives support from investigations with the common duct fistula method in the rabbit. More bacilli appear in the bile with increased doses and more gall-bladder infections are obtained by increased doses. More bacilli appear in the bile after mesenteric vein injection than after ear vein injection and more lesions result under the first condition. More bacilli appear in the bile after injection of the same dose in immunized animals than in normal animals and more lesions also result in immunized animals. In cholera and dysentery the same mechanism is suggested with the additional factor of a portal system septicemia. 2. After the appearance of microorganisms in rabbit bile, their fate is apparently largely determined by the antiseptic properties of the bile. 100 per cent infections cannot be secured by intravenous doses large enough to insure the presence of microorganisms in the bile. Rabbit bile in vitro may be antiseptic to the microorganisms considered. The antiseptic action is largely due to its alkalinity. It is apparently possible to protect the rabbit to some degree against gall-bladder infection by a previous injection of sodium bicarbonate. 3. Alkaline therapy is suggested in the prevention and cure of gall-bladder carriers.

scholarly journals ON THE EXPULSION OF BILE BY THE GALL BLADDER; AND A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SPHINCTER ACTIVITY

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster ◽  
Robert Elman
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Biliary Tract ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pressure Resistance ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Pressure

After feeding a dog, forceful contractions of the gall bladder occur that are sufficient in strength to expel part of the contents of the viscus against a considerable pressure resistance. The pressure within the gall bladder of a healthy, unanesthetized dog fasted 24 to 48 hours is usually about equal to a column of bile 100 mm. high. After a few swallows of food there is a rapid increase in the pressure to more than 200 mm. with a gradual fall in it again, and repeated similar rises and falls occur thereafter. The gall bladder contractions responsible for these alterations are accompanied by a lessening in the resistance to the passage of bile to the intestine, a resistance which is maintained by the muscles at the lower end of the common duct. There would appear to be a reciprocal response on the part of the two structures to the one stimulus. The maximum pressure developing within the temporarily obstructed biliary tract in an animal with the gall bladder excluded about equals that of a column of bile slightly more than 300 mm. in height. The taking of food acts as a stimulus on the rate of bile secretion, but does not alter the maximum secretion pressure. When the gall bladder is connected with the duct system, obstruction does not lead until after some hours to the development of a pressure of more than 100 to 150 mm. within the biliary tract,—that is to say the pressure does not rise above the normal. Its failure to rise further is referable to the activity of the gall bladder to store and concentrate the bile as secreted. The physiological and clinical significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals Additions to an account of the anatomy of the Squalus maximus , contained in a former paper; with observations on the structure of the bronchial artery

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 471-472
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bronchial Artery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Cavity

The author observes, that with respect to his former description of the external parts, he has no addition to make, excepting that, from the position of the fish at the time when it was drawn, a small fin was omitted between the anus and tail; which, however, is so far important, that some persons have on this ground imagined that the fish described was a different species of Squalus. Of the internal parts, the stomach is now described, and a delineation given. The liver has six ducts; but these unite, before they enter the duodenum, in one common cavity, which corresponds to the dilatation of the common duct in those quadrupeds that have no gall-bladder.

Ultrastructure of the basal body apparatus in epidermal cells of a sponge larva (Aplysilla SP: Demospongiae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
R.L. Pinto ◽  
R.M. Woollacott
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Basal Apparatus ◽  
Striated Rootlet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basal Foot ◽  
Sexually Mature

The basal body and its associated rootlet are the organelles responsible for anchoring the flagellum or cilium in the cytoplasm. Structurally, the common denominators of the basal apparatus are the basal body, a basal foot from which microtubules or microfilaments emanate, and a striated rootlet. A study of the basal apparatus from cells of the epidermis of a sponge larva was initiated to provide a comparison with similar data on adult sponges.Sexually mature colonies of Aplysillasp were collected from Keehi Lagoon Marina, Honolulu, Hawaii. Larvae were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.14 M NaCl in 0.2 M Millonig’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Specimens were postfixed in 1% OsO4 in 1.25% sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.2) and embedded in epoxy resin. The larva ofAplysilla sp was previously described (as Dendrilla cactus) based on live observations and SEM by Woollacott and Hadfield.

Preparation and Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate Floating Matrix Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3623-3630
Author(s):  
Bhikshapathi D. V. R. N. ◽  
Haarika B ◽  
Jyothi Sri S ◽  
K Abbulu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Floating Tablets

The purpose of present investigation was to develop floating matrix tablets of gemifloxacin mesylate, which after oral administration could prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. Tablets containing drug, various viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as matrix forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent and different additives were tested for their usefulness in formulating gastric floating tablets by direct compression method. The physical parameters, in vitro buoyancy, release characteristics and in vivo radiographic study were investigated in this study. The gemifloxacin mesylate floating tablets were prepared using HPMC K4M polymer giving more sustained drug release than the tablet containing HPMC K15M. All these formulations showed floating lag time of 30 to 47 sec and total floating time more than 12 h. The drug release was decreased when polymer concentration increases and gas generating agent decreases. Formulation that contains maximum concen-tration of both HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate (F9) showing sufficiently sustained with 99.2% of drug release at 12 h. The drug release from optimized formulation follows Higuchi model that indicates the diffusion controlled release. The best formulation (F9) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic studies by incorporating barium sulphate as a radio-opaque agent and the tablet remained in the stomach for about 6 h.   

The Application of the Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Activated Solutions in Cancer Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayun Yan ◽  
Jonathan H. Sherman ◽  
Michael Keidar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cold Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
The Common

Background: Over the past five years, the cold atmospheric plasma-activated solutions (PAS) have shown their promissing application in cancer treatment. Similar as the common direct cold plasma treatment, PAS shows a selective anti-cancer capacity in vitro and in vivo. However, different from the direct cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment, PAS can be stored for a long time and can be used without dependence on a CAP device. The research on PAS is gradually becoming a hot topic in plasma medicine. Objectives: In this review, we gave a concise but comprehensive summary on key topics about PAS including the development, current status, as well as the main conclusions about the anti-cancer mechanism achieved in past years. The approaches to make strong and stable PAS are also summarized.

scholarly journals Stu2p binds tubulin and undergoes an open-to-closed conformational change

2006 ◽  
Vol 172 (7) ◽  
pp. 1009-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawdat Al-Bassam ◽  
Mark van Breugel ◽  
Stephen C. Harrison ◽  
Anthony Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Change ◽  
Conformational Transition ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Microtubule Dynamics ◽  
Open Structure ◽  
Microtubule Associated Proteins ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
The Common

Stu2p from budding yeast belongs to the conserved Dis1/XMAP215 family of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The common feature of proteins in this family is the presence of HEAT repeat–containing TOG domains near the NH2 terminus. We have investigated the functions of the two TOG domains of Stu2p in vivo and in vitro. Our data suggest that Stu2p regulates microtubule dynamics through two separate activities. First, Stu2p binds to a single free tubulin heterodimer through its first TOG domain. A large conformational transition in homodimeric Stu2p from an open structure to a closed one accompanies the capture of a single free tubulin heterodimer. Second, Stu2p has the capacity to associate directly with microtubule ends, at least in part, through its second TOG domain. These two properties lead to the stabilization of microtubules in vivo, perhaps by the loading of tubulin dimers at microtubule ends. We suggest that this mechanism of microtubule regulation is a conserved feature of the Dis1/XMAP215 family of MAPs.

Comparison of friction of metallic and ceramic brackets during sliding mechanics after prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate jet: An in vitro study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Rosa Galavotti Viana ◽  
Diego Patrik Alves Carneiro ◽  
Pricila Alves Carneiro ◽  
Américo Bortolazzo Correr ◽  
Silvia Amélia Scudeler Vedovello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Ceramic Brackets ◽  
Sliding Mechanics
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document