scholarly journals STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Individual Resistance ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Quiescent Period ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The course is considered of a second type of Salmonella infection naturally appearing in a guinea pig population during the endemic stage of an earlier outbreak. After a quiescent period of 5 months the percentage mortality increased abruptly; fluctuated, with a second rise during the 9th month; and then declined. With the exception of a high rate during the 2nd month the percentage mortality from the initial infection tended to remain on a low level. The spread of infection in the cages of the breeding stock is recorded from the time of the first fatal case. There was a slow but general dissemination of the second organism through the group. Fatal cases were confirmed solely to the sows. It is suggested that a lowered individual resistance occuring during pregnancy might be associated with the regular cage spread and with the apparent difference in susceptibility of the sexes. Natural host resistance, virulence of the organisms and acquired host resistance are discussed from the standpoint of their bearing on the unequal distribution of deaths from the two infections.

scholarly journals Temporal and Anatomical Host Resistance to Chronic Salmonella Infection Is Quantitatively Dictated by Nramp1 and Influenced by Host Genetic Background

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e111763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy P. Loomis ◽  
Matthew L. Johnson ◽  
Alicia Brasfield ◽  
Marie-Pierre Blanc ◽  
Jaehun Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Host Genetic

scholarly journals The experience of distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-country examination on the fear of COVID-19 and the sense of loneliness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Lo Coco ◽  
Ambra Gentile ◽  
Ksenija Bosnar ◽  
Ivana Milovanovic ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Spread Of Infection

AbstractObjectivesTo examine gender, age and cross-country differences in fear of COVID-19 and sense of loneliness during the lockdown, by comparing people from countries with a high rate of infections and deaths (i.e. Spain and Italy) and from countries with a mild spread of infection (i.e. Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina).MethodsA total of 3876 participants (63% female) completed an online survey on “Everyday life practices in COVID-19 time” in April 2020, including measures of fear of COVID-19 and loneliness.ResultsMales and females of all age groups in countries suffering from a strong impact of the COVID-19 pandemic reported higher fear of COVID-19 and sense of loneliness. In less endangered countries females and elder stated more symptoms than males and younger; in Spanish and Italian sample the pattern of differences is considerably more complex.ConclusionFuture research should thoroughly examine different age and gender groups. The analysis of emotional well-being in groups at risk of mental health issues can help to lessen the long term social and economic costs due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

Prevention of Neisseria meningitidis

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 370-399
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Sporadic Case ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Spread Of Infection

Neisseria meningitidis causes approximately 3000 cases of invasive disease annually in the United States. A high rate of nasopharyngeal carriage occurs in household contacts of persons with invasive disease. During an epidemic (a situation that is more common outside of the United States), secondary attack rates in family members may be as high as 4% to 5%. Following a sporadic case of meningococcal disease, the secondary attack rate is approximately 3 per 1000 household members. Chemoprophylaxis has been very effective in preventing secondary spread of infection, especially if used within 24 h of diagnosing a primary case. Groups that become carriers and should receive chemoprophylaxis are the most likely to have had contact with the oral secretions of a case of invasive meningococcal infection.

Acute Splenic Sequestration in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): Still a Life Threatening Complication

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4811-4811
Author(s):  
Valentine Brousse ◽  
Emmanuelle Lesprit ◽  
Francoise Bernaudin ◽  
Marie-Helene Odievre ◽  
Corinne Guitton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Splenic Sequestration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
First Recurrence ◽  
Hb Concentration

Abstract Background: Acute splenic sequestration (ASS) is a life threatening event in SCD during early childhood. Subsequent related mortality has been greatly reduced by both parental education and appropriate management. Moreover SCD screening in neonatal period has allowed early detection contributing to the decrease in fatal attacks. Objectives: Our aim was to update splenic sequestration epidemiology in a French cohort followed after neonatal screening. Methods: we reviewed the medical files of SCD children born between 2000–2007 followed since birth in 5 pediatric centres. We included all SCD children diagnosed with acute splenic sequestration, defined as an acutely enlarging spleen with a fall of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of at least 2g/dL. Results: A total of 266 episodes of ASS occurred in120 children. There were 69 boys and 51 girls. Genotypes were as follows: 9 S beta° thalassemia, 2 SD-Punjab, 4 SC, 105 SS. In the SS subgroup, median age at first episode was 16 months [1–83] and 34,8% of these first episodes occurred before 12 months of age. Associated symptoms were found in 37 cases (isolated fever n=20, vaso occlusive crisis n=5, identified viral or bacterial infection n= 12) and did not influence the rate of recurrence. Mean Hb level during first crisis was 5.2g/dL [3.3–7]. Mean age at first episode for those who experienced only one episode (n=43) versus more than one episode (n=62) was statistically different (18 months (+/−10) versus 28 (+/−22); p=0.002, Student test). Median interval between first and second episode was 3.5 months [1–31]. 31 patients had 3 or more episodes with a mean interval between second and third interval of 2 months [1–17]. There was no significant difference in the mean age at first episode in children who experienced 2, 3 or more episodes. There was only one fatal case due to acute anemia which occurred in a girl at first recurrence (Hb:2,2g/dL). After the second attack 14(22.5%) patients were splenectomized, 26 patients (41.9%) were started on a transfusion program (followed in 13 cases by splenectomy) and 21 were followed up. Splenectomy was performed at a median age of 4.5years. Conclusion: These results show that ASS remains a major concern in the management of SCD children. We show a high rate of recurrence and young age at first episode favours this recurrence threat. This study further confirms the effectiveness of early diagnosis and parental education in the decrease of mortality. Prospective studies on spleen dysfunction and additional research on predictive factors are warranted.

scholarly journals Observations pointing to the conjunctiva as the portal of entry in salmonella infection of guinea-pigs

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Lymphatic Route ◽  
Conjunctival Lesion

In the course of salmonella epizootics in guinea-pigs due to Salm. enteritidis and Salm. typhi-murium, respectively, salmonella conjunctivitis was widespread, and conjunctival swabbing was found to be a more effective procedure for detecting the spread of infection than the examination of rectal swabs. Eye-swabbing with segregation of eye-positive guinea-pigs and their cage-mates was apparently successful in controlling two Salm. enteritidis epizootics.Later experimental observations showed that the conjunctival route was a far more effective one for producing systemic salmonella infection in guinea-pigs than the oral route. The 50% spleen infecting dose by the conjunctival route was of the order of 100 organisms, while a dose of 100,000,000 organisms of the same strain of Salm. enteritidis was ineffective by mouth. Blood-borne invasion from the primary conjunctival lesion occurred by the lymphatic route. Gut infection of guinea-pigs infected experimentally throughout the eye was secondary to spleen infection and probably occurred by excretion of salmonellae through the gall-bladder.The importance of the conjunctival route in natural salmonella infections of guinea-pigs was confirmed by goggling experiments, which showed that, except in animals with complicating conditions such as pregnancy, effectively goggled guinea-pigs were highly resistant to infection in environments heavily contaminated with Salm. enteritidis which produced high infection rates in ungoggled control animals.I am very grateful to my technician, Mr G. Sandys, for his enthusiastic help, particularly with the goggling experiments.

Effects of L-ficolin on host resistance, gamma interferon production and phagocytosis against Salmonella infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfeng Ma ◽  
Fengling Luo ◽  
Tian Xiang ◽  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Qin Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Salmonella Infection

The role of delayed hypersensitivity in the enhancement of host resistance to infection

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1438-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Hsu ◽  
Kathy B. Miller ◽  
Irene Nakoneczna
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
Tuberculin Reaction ◽  
Tuberculin Sensitivity ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Peritoneal Washings ◽  
Resistance To Infection

Swiss-Webster mice were vaccinated by the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG and challenged i.p. 4–10 weeks later with 104 virulent Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin. Normal control mice were similarly challenged. Such an infection was fatal to the normal mice within 12 days. BCG vaccination prolonged the survival time and protected about 36% of the salmonella-infected mice from death. In contrast, tuberculin sensitivity, elicited in the BCG-vaccinated mice, significantly increased the survival time and protected about 70% of the mice against an otherwise fatal challenge. When these experiments were repeated using an infective dose of 106 organisms, the protective effect of the tuberculin reaction became substantially reduced, but there remained a statistically significant improvement in the survival distribution of the challenged mice as compared with that among the BCG-vaccinated mice. The examination of peritoneal washings obtained from BCG-vaccinated mice stimulated with PPD showed that the enhanced resistance to salmonella infection was directly associated with a quantitatively increased influx of phagocytic leukocytes accumulating at the site of infection as a result of the elicitation of tuberculin sensitivity.

scholarly journals Effect of Silicon Rate and Host Resistance on Blast, Scald, and Yield of Upland Rice

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 871-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Seebold ◽  
L. E. Datnoff ◽  
F. J. Correa-Victoria ◽  
T. A. Kucharek ◽  
G. H. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Added Benefit

Blast-resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible cultivars of rice were planted in soil amended with Si at 0, 500, or 1,000 kg/ha at two locations in eastern Colombia to assess differential responses to leaf blast, neck blast, and leaf scald, and to examine the quantity and quality of grains harvested. Leaf and neck blast on partially resistant and susceptible cultivars were reduced by Si as the rate of Si was increased. Depending on the location, the level of severity of leaf and neck blast on partially resistant cultivars, when fertilized with Si at 500 or 1,000 kg/ha, was lowered to that of resistant cultivars without Si. At both locations, yields were increased by as much as 42%, depending on the cultivar, by Si applied at 1,000 kg/ha. In general, high rates of Si reduced the number of broken grains harvested. Grain discoloration, regardless of cultivar or location, was reduced by as much as 70% at the high rate of Si. The application of Si to complement host resistance to blast and scald appears to be an effective strategy for disease management in rice and provides the added benefit of improving the quantity and quality of rice yields.

scholarly journals Possible oral transmission of acute Chagas' disease in Brazil

1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Shikanai-Yasuda ◽  
C. Brisola Marcondes ◽  
L. A. Guedes ◽  
G.S. Siqueira ◽  
A.A. Barone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Chagas Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Limb Edema ◽  
Acute Chagas Disease

In October, 1986, 7 to 22 days after a meeting at a farm in Paraíba state, 26 individuals presented with a febrile illness associated with bilateral eyelid and lower limb edema, mild hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and, occasionally a skin rash. A 11-year-old boy exhibited atrial premature complexes and a 74-year-old patient developed acute heart failure. In two patients hospitalized in São Paulo city, acute Chagas' disease was diagnosed by the demonstration of circulating Trypanosoma cruzi. At autopsy in a fatal case, acute Chagas' cardiomyopathy was demonstrated. Xenodiagnosis were positive in 9 out of 14 tested patients. A specific IgG immune response was found in all patients and specific IgM antibodies were identified in 20 out of 22 tested patients. A epidemiological survey showed the existence of Triatoma brasiliensis in the outbuildings of this farm, but none in the house where most of the guests stayed. A high rate of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in opossums. These observations together with those related to the food consumed by the patients, lead the authors to suggest that the human infections resulted from oral contamination probably originating from naturally infected marsupials in the area or crushed infected bugs.

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