An Eternal Epidemic: 2. A solution

This article, the second in the series of two, follows the review that identifies problems with common research and practical approaches in dealing with the problem of substance addiction and related behaviors. This paper proposes potential routes for its solutions. These solutions are based on the reversal of the traditional risk/disease perspective in both research and practice, focusing on the individual resistance (not synonymous with "resilience") aspect of the phenotypic continuum, symmetric but distinct from the risk aspect. This corresponds to searching for factors that decrease rather than elevate risk and lead away rather than to the disorder. Analysis indicates the feasibility of implementing the necessary changes, which are applicable to other disorders as well.

Resistência Individual e Memórias Coletivas em Álbuns Fotográficos no Poço da Draga/Fortaleza-CE

A partir de uma ação de extensão intitulada Fotobiografias: a Fortaleza que se encontra em acervos fotográfico pessoais, buscamos refletir sobre como a partir de fotografias podemos desvelar as biografias individuais, mas também a biografia de uma cidade. A ação é realizada no Poço da Draga. Tomamos esse território a partir das fotografias que as pessoas guardam em suas casas e escutamos suas narrativas. As fotografias promovem aparições, evocam narrativas, acionam lembranças, interligam relações. Podemos tomar essas paisagens narrativas como patrimônios da cidade? Como podemos a partir da memória, refleti-las como “espaços da recordação”, que nos permitem repensar a própria leitura social, histórica e antropológica da cidade? Desta forma, partimos das narrativas de Dona Zenir, uma das moradoras mais antigas do lugar. A partir de suas narrativas e imagens ela nos leva às pessoas, às suas vivências, aproxima-se das vivências compartilhadas com outras mulheres, e costura, através da memória, o Poço da Draga à história de Fortaleza.Palavras-Chave: Biografias. Álbuns Fotográficos. Resistências urbanas. Patrimônio. INDIVIDUAL RESISTANCE and collective memories in Photographic albums in poço da Draga/Fortaleza-CE Abstract: Departing from na extension activity named Photobiographies: the Fortaleza that can be found in personal photographic archives, we aim to reflect about photographs can reveal not only individual biographies but also the biography of a city. The activity takes place in Poço da Draga. We approach this territory through photographs that people keep in their homes and the narratives they tell about them. The photographs evoke narratives, activate memories, interconnect relationships. Can we consider these narrative landscapes as heritage of Fortaleza? How can we think about them as “spaces of remebrance” that allow us to reconsider social, historical and anthropological readings of the city? We take as a starting point the narratives told by Dona Zenir, one of the oldest residents of Poço da Draga. Her narratives and images take us to people, their lives, bring us closer to the lived experiences shared with other women, entwining – through memory – Poço da Draga to the history of Fortaleza.Key words: Biographies. Photographic albums. Urban resistance. Heritage.

Between Violence, Racism and Reform: São Tomé e Príncipe in the Great Depression Years (1930–1937)

The effects of the Great Depression on the important cocoa plantation sector of the archipelago of São Tomé e Príncipe – a Portuguese colonial laboratory for social change in plantation agriculture shifting between coercive practices and attempts at accommodation – were drastic: initially backed by a right-wing authoritarian government, plantation managements lowered workers’ wages and made already repressive conditions of worker exploitation worse. This article highlights the processes of degradation in plantation workers' life. However, in ways that might seem paradox at first glance, the crisis years of the 1930s also opened the ways to changes in social experiences in the plantations. Labour inspectors were increasingly called upon to scrutinize existing abuses on the plantations, and although this might have been in the first phase simply lip service to certain international debates on good standards in colonialism, inspectors internalized the need for reform and turned out to be critical observers. At the same time, the workers expanded their repertoire of responses – from individual resistance to ever better-organized escape strategies and the manipulation of offers of settlement schemes for small groups of workers. By 1937, these trends were important precursors to changes that would achieve their full impact in the 1950s.

Polymorphism of monogenic scab resistance loci in apple varieties

Background. Monogenic scab resistance is an important trait of apple, useful to plant breeders. DNA markers provide a possibility to differentiate apple cultivars according to individual resistance determinants with high reliability and identify promising genotypes. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties, targeted at the Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6 and Rvi8 monogenic scab resistance loci.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by apple cultivars of different environmental and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using CTAB methods according to the DArT protocols. The Rvi6 gene was identified with two markers, VfC (STS) and AL07 (SCAR). The presence of the Rvi4 gene was detected with the multiallelic SCAR marker AD13. The Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes were diagnosed with the SCAR marker OPL19.Results and conclusion. The Rvi6 gene was identified in 54.4% of genotypes, of which 91.9% were heterozygous, and 8.1% (cvs. ‘Svezhest’, ‘Freedom’ and ‘GoldRush’) homozygous dominant for this locus. The marker AD13-SCAR was detected in 25.0% of the studied forms (the putative genotype for the resistance gene is Rvi4Rvi4 or Rvi4rvi4). The marker OPL19-SCAR (Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes) was present in 73.5% of the analyzed forms. At least one of the studied molecular markers was present in the genome of 86.8% of genotypes. The appletree cultivars ‘Kandil Orlovsky’, ‘Krasulya’, ‘Sozvezdiye’, ‘Galarina’, ‘Priam’, ‘Redfree’ and ‘Witos’ are characterized by the combination of markers VfC, AL07-SCAR, AD13-SCAR and OPL19-SCAR in one genotype (the putative genotype for the resistance genes is Rvi2(Rvi8)Rvi4Rvi6rvi6). Cvs. ‘Antonovka zimnyaya’, ‘Antonovka krasnaya’, ‘Berkutovskoye’, ‘Geyzer’, ‘Pamyati Nesterova’, ‘Renet Simirenko’, ‘Terentyevka’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Telemon’ presumably have a homozygous recessive genotype for the studied resistance loci.

Contamination of the urban environment with excrements of companion animals as an underestimated source of Staphylococcus species posing a threat to public health

The aim of the study was to assess the incidence, resistance, virulence, and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. residing in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats, as a group of animals causing potential contamination of the urban space. A high percentage of strains resistant to penicillin (58%), oxacillin (9%) and tetracycline (60%) were found. All isolates resistant to penicillin, kanamycin, or chloramphenicol carried genes responsible for individual resistance (blaZ, aph(3′)-IIIa, and cat (pC194)/cat (pC223), respectively. The mecA gene was detected in 45% of the oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains. The amplification of DNA fragments surrounding rare restriction sites analysis demonstrated high heterogeneity of genotypic profiles correlating with phenotypic resistance profiles. Multilocus sequence typing analysis classified the methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius strains as ST71, ST890, and the totally new ST1047. The presence of a high level of resistance among Staphylococcus strains may suggest a potential risk of transfer of these bacteria between companion animals and humans.

How Consumers Perceive the Market: Cynical Reason and Individual Resistance (Based on Interviews with Residents of Moscow)

This study seeks to investigate how consumers interpret their place in the market system and how consumers act on these perceptions. By drawing from 54 interviews with a diverse sample of Moscow residents, this article explicates three key categories — presumption of market players’ guilt, (ir)responsibility of the state and proactive consumer behavior. Interviews suggest that consumers infuse market with moral meaning and have a strong sense of appropriateness. Consumers have a generalized idea of market players born within the commonsense world of everyday life and it produces a relay of signification and interpretation. Consumers’ past problems or grievances may result in placing blame onto market players. A typical way to interact with market players was described in terms of confrontation or rivalry. Tensions between market players and consumers are expected to be resolved by an impartial party — state representatives, consumers’ expectations — to be protected by a government indicated victim-based consumer identity. Adopting the “cynical reason” concept established by P. Sloterdijk, the author offers a category called “consumer cynicism”, encompassing mundane suspicion and disappointment in the relationship between consumers and market players. Yet consumers’ vigilance and alertness paradoxically create a sense of security and self-affirmation. Moreover, consumer cynicism fuels proactive consumer behavior. Trying to fight back against market injustice, consumers’ choices are governed by the principle “do not overpay” for financially stable informants, as well as the principle “do not go broke” for those who struggle with money. Saving and coping are interpreted as a choice rather than a financial necessity. Proactive consumer behavior is conceptualized as a form of individual resistance. Tactical everyday resistances allow for protecting one’s interests while entailing a perception of possessing less power. The author discusses three understandings of saving and coping: survival, game and calculation.