THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD

The C-reactive protein present in the albumin fraction of the serum of patients during certain acute bacterial infections is highly antigenic upon injection into rabbits. The antiserum thus prepared reacts specifically with this protein and does not react with the proteins of normal human serum. Immunological specificity has been demonstrated by both precipitin and complement-fixation tests. Antiserum prepared in rabbits to the C-reactive protein from human sources also reacts specifically with the similar protein in the serum of monkeys acutely ill with experimental pneumococcus infection. By means of immunological reactions it is possible to detect amounts of reactive protein which are too small to yield a visible precipitate in tests with the C polysaccharide. Certain of the properties are discussed which distinguish the C-reactive protein from the proteins of normal human serum.

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C-reactive protein velocity discriminates between acute viral and bacterial infections in patients who present with relatively low CRP concentrations

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06878-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Bernstein ◽

Dan Coster ◽

Shlomo Berliner ◽

Itzhak Shapira ◽

David Zeltser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

P Value ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Acute Infections ◽

The Mean ◽

Acute Bacterial Infections

Abstract Background To assess the utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) velocity to discriminate between patients with acute viral and bacterial infections who presented with relatively low CRP concentrations and were suspected of having a bacterial infection. Methods We analyzed a retrospective cohort of patients with acute infections who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a relatively low first CRP measurement (CRP1) ≤ 31.9 mg/L and received antibiotics shortly after. We then calculated C-reactive protein velocity (CRPv), milligram per liter per hour, for each patient based on CRP1 and the second CRP value (CRP2) measured within the first 24 h since admission. Finally, we compared CRPv between patients with bacterial and viral infections. Results We have presently analyzed 74 patients with acute bacterial infections and 62 patients with acute viral infections at the mean age of 80 and 66 years respectively, 68 male and 68 female. CRP1 did not differ between both groups of patients (16.2 ± 8.6 and 14.8 ± 8.5 for patients with viral and bacterial infections respectively, p value = 0.336). However, the CRP2 was significantly different between the groups (30.2 ± 21.9 and 75.6 ± 51.3 for patients with viral and bacterial infections respectively, p-value < 0.001) and especially the CRPv was much higher in patients with acute bacterial infections compared to patients with acute viral infections (0.9 ± 1.2 and 4.4 ± 2.7 respectively, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion CRPv and CRP2 are useful biomarkers that can discriminate significantly between patients who present with acute bacterial and viral infections, and relatively low CRP concentration upon admission who were suspected of having a bacterial infection.

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Transformation ofLeishmania mexicanametacyclic promastigotes to amastigote-like forms mediated by binding of human C-reactive protein

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182001007612 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 521-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. BEE ◽

F. J. CULLEY ◽

I. S. ALKHALIFE ◽

K. B. BODMAN-SMITH ◽

J. G. RAYNES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Serum ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Normal Serum ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Metacyclic Promastigotes ◽

Normal Human ◽

Kinetics Of

Infective metacyclic promastigote forms ofLeishmania mexicanaare introduced by the bite of sandfly vectors into their human hosts where they transform into the amastigote form. The kinetics of this process was examinedin vitroin response to different combinations of temperature (26 °C or 32 °C), pH (7.2 or 5.5), and exposure to human serum. Little transformation occurred at 26 °C/pH 7.2, intermediate levels at 26 °C/pH 5.5 and 32 °C/ pH 7.2, and the greatest response at 32 °C/pH 5.5. Transformation was stimulated by exposure to normal human serum, but was markedly reduced when serum previously incubated at 56 °C for 1 h was used (complement heat-inactivated). This stimulatory effect was reproduced by exposure to a single purified component of human serum, C-reactive protein (CRP). Binding of CRP to the whole surface ofL. mexicanametacyclic promastigotes, including the flagella, was demonstrated by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The effect of purified CRP was dose dependent and occurred using normal serum concentrations. The stimulatory effect of whole serum was oblated by CRP depletion and restored by addition of purified CRP. The effects of cAMP analogues indicated that transformation could be mediated via an adenylate cyclase cascade.

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THE ACTIVATING EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON A BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCE FOR BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN HUMAN SERUM

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.92.2.101 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 101-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ralph F. Jacox

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Human Serum ◽

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Coronary Occlusion ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Serum Complement ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Acute Coronary Occlusion

An enhanced bactericidal activity of human serum for B. subtilis develops during many different forms of illness, e.g. carcinoma, virus and bacterial infections, and during acute coronary occlusion. This increased bactericidal effect cannot be related to leucocytosis, fever, serum complement, C-reactive protein, or a specific antibody reaction. The serum bactericidal factor becomes inactive in decalcified serum, but active again when optimal concentrations of calcium are added. Magnesium does not cause reactivation.

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A second C-reactive protein (CRP) test to detect inflammatory burst in patients with acute bacterial infections presenting with a first relatively low CRP

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000022551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (42) ◽

pp. e22551

Author(s):

Ilan Goldberg ◽

Dana Shalmon ◽

Ronen Shteinvil ◽

Shlomo Berliner ◽

Yael Paran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Acute Bacterial Infections

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Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. III. Complement-dependent passive hemolysis initiated by CRP.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.142.5.1065 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 142 (5) ◽

pp. 1065-1077 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

A.P. Osmand ◽

R.F. Mortensen ◽

Joan Siegel ◽

H. Gewurz

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Human Serum ◽

Complete System ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Rabbit Igg ◽

The Complement System ◽

Pig Serum

Interactions of CRP with various substrates in the presence of human serum have been shown to result in efficient activation of C components C1-C5. We now report the ability of CRP to initiate C-dependent hemolysis. For this purpose CRP was isolated by affinity chromatography using pneumococcal CPS and gel filtration; its purity was established by several criteria. Erythrocytes were coated with CPS (E-CPS) and passively sensitized with CRP. C-dependent lysis of these cells was observed upon the addition of suitably absorbed human serum, and the efficiency of hemolysis compared favorably with that initiated by rabbit IgG anti-CPS antibody. CRP also sensitized E-CPS for lysis by guinea pig C; partial lysis was seen when C4-deficient guinea pig serum was used, suggesting that CRP also shares with antibody the ability of CRP to fully activate the C system and provide further evidence for a role for CRP similar to that of antibody in the initiation and modulation of inflammatory reactions via the complete system.

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Haemolysis and Reversible Agglutination of Trypsinized Normal Red Cells by a Normal Human Serum

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jcp.6.3.211 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 211-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. H. Hurley ◽

J. V. Dacie

Keyword(s):

Human Serum ◽

Red Cells ◽

Normal Human Serum ◽

Normal Human

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The isolation and identification of lysolecithin from lipid extracts of normal human serum

The Journal of Lipid Research ◽

10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39094-5 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 66-71

Author(s):

Egil Gjone ◽

James F. Berry ◽

David A. Turner

Keyword(s):

Human Serum ◽

Normal Human Serum ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Normal Human

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Evaluation of a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit for measurement of doxorubicin in plasma.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/28.1.119 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 119-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E Piall ◽

G W Aherne ◽

V Marks

Keyword(s):

Human Serum ◽

Normal Human Serum ◽

Nonspecific Effects ◽

Normal Human ◽

Doxorubicin Concentration

Abstract We evaluated a commercially available (Diagnostic Biochemistry Inc.) doxorubicin 125I radioimmunoassay kit. This kit gave a high apparent doxorubicin concentration (greater than 12 micrograms/L), which was not linearly related to dilution, for two pools of normal human serum and plasma and also for samples collected from patients before they received the drug. In contrast, a doxorubicin 3H radioimmunoassay developed by us gave a low blank (2 micrograms/L), which was linearly related to dilution, for the same pools and patients' samples. Doxorubicin concentrations in the plasma of patients receiving the drug were compared by the two methods; the kit gave results five- to 10-fold those obtained with our assay. High nonspecific interference by serum and plasma as measured by the 125I radioimmunoassay must therefore be borne in mind by users of the kit, and we suggest that results should be corrected for these nonspecific effects.

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