scholarly journals HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF THE WESTERN TYPE OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE WOOD TICK, DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI STILES

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome T. Syverton ◽  
George Packer Berry
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
The Family ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Successive Generations

The Western type of equine encephalomyelitis virus can be passed as an hereditary infection in a tick of the family Ixodidae, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Under experimental conditions, this virus has been carried in this tick for two successive generations, possibly for a third, passing certainly once, and possibly twice, from the female through the eggs to the larvae. The virus-carrying larval, nymphal, and adult stages of this tick, furthermore, are capable of infecting susceptible hosts when they are permitted to feed on them.

In vivo Production of Soluble Inorganic Pyrophosphatases in Two Strains of Vibrio cholerae

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Taslima Taher Lina ◽  
Mohammad Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Strain ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Atcc Strain ◽  
The Family ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1

The in vivo production of soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) was investigated in two strains, namely, Vibrio cholerae EM 004 (environmental strain) and Vibrio cholerae O1 757 (ATCC strain). V. cholerae is known to contain both family I and family II PPase coding sequences. The production of family I and family II PPases were determined by measuring the enzyme activity in cell extracts. The effects of pH, temperature, salinity of the growth medium on the production of soluble PPases were studied. In case of family I PPase, V. cholerae EM 004 gave the highest specific activity at pH 9.0, with 2% NaCl + 0.011% NaF and at 37°C. The strain V. cholerae O1 757 gave the highest specific activity at pH 9.0, with media containing 0% NaCl and at 37°C. On the other hand, under all the conditions family II PPase did not give any significant specific activity, suggesting that the family II PPase was not produced in vivo in either strains of V. cholerae under different experimental conditions. Keywords: Vibrio cholerae, Pyrophosphatases (PPases), Specific activityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1235 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 38-41

Development of Proteocephalus torulosus in the intermediate host under experimental conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Cyprinid Fish ◽  
Outer Envelope ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyaline Membrane ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractThe development of the tapeworm Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of cyprinid fish, was studied in the intermediate host under experimental conditions. The eggs of P. torulosus were typified by a relatively small outer envelope (hyaline membrane) and a thick middle layer surrounding the oncosphere. Incubation of P. torulosus eggs at different temperatures revealed the ability of some oncospheres to survive and remain infective to the intermediate host for up to 5 weeks at 5–7°C, 12 days at 10–12°C, and 8 days at 20–22°C. Of 8 copepod species used in these experiments, complete development of larvae was observed only in Cyclops strenuus. Growth was completed in 9–12 days at 20–22°C and four weeks at 9–10°C. During development the cercomer was not observed. The infectivity of larvae from C. strenuus for the definitive hosts, cyprinid fish, was very low and only one chub of 26 fish used for feeding experiments (21 chub, Leuciscus cephalus, 3 bleak, Alburnoides bipunctatus, 1 rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus—all the family Cyprinidae, and 1 loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus—the family Cobitidae) became infected.

scholarly journals On a Generalization of Hofstadter’s Q-Sequence: A Family of Chaotic Generational Structures

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altug Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Global Properties ◽  
The Family ◽  
Successive Generations

Hofstadter Q-recurrence is defined by the nested recurrence Qn=Qn−Qn−1+Qn−Qn−2, and there are still many unanswered questions about certain solutions of it. In this paper, a generalization of Hofstadter’s Q-sequence is proposed and selected members of this generalization are investigated based on their chaotic generational structures and Pinn’s statistical technique. Solutions studied have also curious approximate patterns and considerably similar statistical properties with Hofstadter’s famous Q-sequence in terms of growth characteristics of their successive generations. In fact, the family of sequences that this paper introduces suggests the existence of conjectural global properties in order to classify unpredictable solutions to Q-recurrence and a generalization of it.

scholarly journals Theiler's Virus-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in M1-D Macrophages Is Bax Mediated and Restricts Virus Infectivity: a Mechanism for Persistence of a Cytolytic Virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 4502-4510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-No Son ◽  
Robert P. Becker ◽  
Patricia Kallio ◽  
Howard L. Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
D Cells ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Mouse Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a member of the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae, is a highly cytolytic virus that produces necrotic death in rodent cells except for macrophages, which undergo apoptosis. In the present study we have analyzed the kinetics of BeAn virus infection in M1-D cells, in order to temporally relate virus replication to the apoptotic signaling events. Apoptosis was associated with early exponential virus growth from 1 to 12 h postinfection (p.i.); however, ≥80% of peak infectivity was lost by 16 to 24 h p.i. The pan-caspase inhibitor qVD-OPh led to significantly higher virus yields, while zVAD-fmk completely inhibited virus replication until 10 h p.i., precluding its assessment in apoptosis. In contrast, while zVAD-fmk significantly inhibited BeAn virus replication in BHK-21 cells at 12 and 16 h p.i., virus replication at these time points was not altered by qVD-OPh. Bax translocation into mitochondria, efflux of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, and activation of caspases 9 and 3 between ∼8 and 12 h p.i. (all hallmarks of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway) were transiently inhibited by expression of Bcl-2, which is not expressed in M1-D cells. Thus, BeAn virus infection in M1-D macrophages, which restricts virus replication, provides a potential mechanism for modulating TMEV neurovirulence during persistence in the mouse central nervous system.

Fashions in Monastic Endowment: the Foundations of the Clare Family, 1066–1314

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Continuous Family ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Marked Diminution ◽  
The Family ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The Military

The great expansion in monasticism in Normandy and England in the eleventh and twelfth centuries is a commonplace of medieval history, as is the marked diminution in monastic grants after c. 1200. Far more attention, however, has been paid to the religious houses than to their founders, and it is only by looking at a baronial family over a long period that one can discern the fashions which undoubtedly existed in monastic benefaction and the changes in attitude of successive generations. The Clare family were both long-lasting and prolific, and, because of the numerous changes in the landed position of various members of the family, it is possible to see how closely in the eleventh and twelfth centuries the acquisition of new territories and the endowment of monasteries went together. Moreover, we are able to trace the changing preferences for different monastic orders and, to some extent, the reasons for this, and, in addition, to see this in the context not only of Normandy and England, but of Wales and Ireland as well. Whereas in the eleventh and early twelfth century, the Clares' gifts passed to Benedictine houses, many of them Norman or with Norman connections, they became more interested later in the new orders of the Augustinian canons and Cistercians which were spreading rapidly over Europe. At the same time they made grants to the military orders of the Hospitallers and Templars which, by giving knights the opportunity to combine fighting with a monastic life, fused two ideals of the twelfth-century world. In contrast to the variety and amount of these monastic benefactions, the Clares were content in the thirteenth century to make only the occasional grant, but they were insistent on maintaining their rights of patronage. In addition, their interest turned to the new orders of friars. There is, however, no indication here of continuous family interest from one generation to the next as would have been the case in the early twelfth century.

scholarly journals Loss of symbiont infectivity following thermal stress can be a factor limiting recovery from bleaching in cnidarians

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3149-3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Kishimoto ◽  
Andrew H. Baird ◽  
Shinichiro Maruyama ◽  
Jun Minagawa ◽  
Shunichi Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Coral Mortality ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
The Family ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Increases in seawater temperature can cause coral bleaching through loss of symbiotic algae (dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae). Corals can recover from bleaching by recruiting algae into host cells from the residual symbiont population or from the external environment. However, the high coral mortality that often follows mass-bleaching events suggests that recovery is often limited in the wild. Here, we examine the effect of pre-exposure to heat stress on the capacity of symbiotic algae to infect cnidarian hosts using the Aiptasia (sea-anemone)-Symbiodiniaceae model system. We found that the symbiont strain Breviolum sp. CS-164 (ITS2 type B1), both free-living and in symbiosis, loses the capacity to infect the host following exposure to heat stress. This loss of infectivity is reversible, however, a longer exposure to heat stress increases the time taken for reversal. Under the same experimental conditions, the loss of infectivity was not observed in another strain Breviolum psygmophilum CCMP2459 (ITS2 type B2). Our results suggest that recovery from bleaching can be limited by the loss of symbiont infectivity following exposure to heat stress.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of the Species Theilovirus: Emerging Murine and Human Pathogens

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (23) ◽  
pp. 11545-11554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Liang ◽  
A. S. Manoj Kumar ◽  
Morris S. Jones ◽  
Nick J. Knowles ◽  
Howard L. Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Encephalomyocarditis Virus ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
The Family ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus

ABSTRACT The Cardiovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae includes two distinct species, Encephalomyocarditis virus and Theilovirus. We now report the complete nucleotide sequences of three Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) strains (TO Yale, TOB15, and Vie 415HTR) and of Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (VHEV). This information, together with the recently reported sequences of divergent theiloviruses (Theiler's-like rat virus [TRV] and Saffold viruses 1 and 2 [SAFV-1 and SAFV-2]), enables an updated phylogenetic analysis as well as a reexamination of several gene products important in the pathogenesis of this emerging group of viruses. In the light of the known neurotropism of TMEV and the new human SAFV-1 and SAFV-2, the resulting data suggest the existence of theiloviruses that cause human central nervous system infections. Our phylogenetic analyses point to the classification of presently known theiloviruses into five types: TMEV, VHEV, TRV, SAFV-1, and SAFV-2.

scholarly journals SHAREHOLDER ACTIVISM AND INTERNATIONALIZATION IN THE FAMILY FIRM

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo M. Bobillo ◽  
Juan A. Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Fernando Tejerina-Gaite
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Family Firm ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
The Family ◽  
Successive Generations

We present the internationalization of the family firm (FF) as a corporate growth strategy that is sometimes necessary to ensure survival. The different generations running the family firm (GFF) are likely to be constrained, not only by the demands of the business itself, but also by activism from non-management family shareholders. In this paper, we perform an analysis of a sample of Spanish family firms, both domestic and multinational, for the period 2000–2009. The results of this analysis show evidence of a positive relationship between the scope of internationalization and two other variables: family activism (FAI) and life cycle duration of the family firm (DLFF). When it comes to seeking alternative ways to create economic value and obtain debt finance, each generation is less risk averse than the preceding one. However, increasing family conflict over successive generations instigates economic value-destroying behavior. Overall, our findings suggest that economic value creation, leverage and international diversification in FFs will be conditioned not only by the ownership structure and size of the company, but also by the firm's current point in the business life cycle, the generation that is in charge, and activism from other family members, all of which play a decisive role in the FF internationalization and economic value creation process.

Patterns of Succession and Continuity in Family-Owned Businesses: Study of an Ethnic Community

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Perricone ◽  
John R. Earle ◽  
Ian M. Taplin
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Ethnic Enclave ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Successful Transfer

This paper examines ways in which patriarchalqfamilistic cultural systems condition responses to the kinds of social and economic changes that challenge family-owned businesses. Using a case study of an ethnic enclave in the southeastern United States, the paper looks at intergenerational succession, paying particular attention to how small firms manage to transfer control within the family. Key to successful transfer is the presence of trust and the utilization of social capital as well as the ability of successive generations to acquire skills that enable them to identify new market niches. The manuscript also discusses how firms manage conflict between old and new ideas, develop informal mechanisms for incorporating new ideas, and maintain the flexibility necessary for market survival.

EFFECT OF REDUCING AGENTS ON THE VIABILITY OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (EASTERN TYPE)

1946 ◽  
Vol 24e (4) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
N. A. Labzoffsky
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Virus Suspension ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Ph Range

The present communication deals with the effect of reducing agents (cysteine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycollate, and sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate) on the viability of equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern type). Cysteine hydrochloride was found to be a valuable reagent in in vitro studies of equine encephalomyelitis virus, because it greatly retards loss of infectivity of the virus under experimental conditions. It was observed that a virus suspension containing cysteine hydrochloride (1:1000) remained infective after exposure to 37 °C. for 14 days, although the guinea-pig titre was reduced from 1:108 to 1:102. The same reduction in the titre of virus suspended in buffered 0.85% sodium chloride solution occurred after exposure to 37 °C. for 120 hr. only, and in unbuffered 0.85% sodium chloride after 24 hr. exposure. Further, equine encephalomyelitis virus, in the presence of cysteine hydrochloride, retains its infectivity without demonstrable loss, over a pH range between 4.8 and 8.2 for 48 hr. at 37 °C. The titre of equine encephalomyelitis virus is maintained at 37 °C. for 48 hr. in a rather wide range of Eh, created with the aid of cysteine hydrochloride, at least in the range between − 0.151 and + 0.02 volts. On the other hand, addition of sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate or sodium thioglycollate to a suspension of equine encephalomyelitis virus does not retard loss of infectivity of the virus. These reagents, therefore, are not suitable for the conservation of infectivity of the virus in vitro.

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