scholarly journals RED CELL AND PLASMA RADIOACTIVE COPPER IN NORMAL AND ANEMIC DOGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yoshikawa ◽  
P. F. Hahn ◽  
W. F. Bale
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Activity

Following ingestion of radioactive copper by the dog, the metal appears quickly in the plasma, the concentration reaching its peak in from 2 to 5 hours, after which it falls abruptly. Demonstrable amounts are still present after 2 days. The radioactive copper likewise appears rapidly in the circulating red blood cells, and there is a slow but gradual increase in its concentration over a 2 day period. It is suggested by the data that in the animals in which hematopoietic activity is accelerated the uptake of radio-copper is somewhat more extensive. The possibility that this is due to greater adsorption by the new red cells in these instances is not ruled out.

scholarly journals Normal Functions of the Spleen Relative to Red Blood Cells: A Review

Blood ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM H. CROSBY
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Normal Spleen ◽  
And Storage

Abstract During all the stages of a red cell’s life the normal spleen exerts a normal function. Eight of these functions have been considered: (1) erythropoiesis; (2) an effect upon red cell production; (3) an effect upon maturation of the red cell surface; (4) the reservoir function; (5) the "culling function"; (6) iron turnover and storage; (7) the "pitting function"; (8) destruction of old red cells.

The squeezing of red blood cells through capillaries with near-minimal diameters

1989 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Halpern ◽  
T. W. Secomb
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Tube Diameter ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Intact Cells

An analysis is presented of the mechanics of red blood cells flowing in very narrow tubes. Mammalian red cells are highly flexible, but their deformations satisfy two significant constraints. They must deform at constant volume, because the contents of the cell are incompressible, and also at nearly constant surface area, because the red cell membrane strongly resists dilation. Consequently, there exists a minimal tube diameter below which passage of intact cells is not possible. A cell in a tube with this diameter has its critical shape: a cylinder with hemispherical ends. Here, flow of red cells in tubes with near-minimal diameters is analysed using lubrication theory. When the tube diameter is slightly larger than the minimal value, the cell shape is close to its shape in the critical case. However, the rear end of the cell becomes flattened and then concave with a relatively small further increase in the diameter. The changes in cell shape and the resulting rheological parameters are analysed using matched asymptotic expansions for the high-velocity limit and using numerical solutions. Predictions of rheological parameters are also obtained using the assumption that the cell is effectively rigid with its critical shape, yielding very similar results. A rapid decrease in the apparent viscosity of red cell suspensions with increasing tube diameter is predicted over the range of diameters considered. The red cell velocity is found to exceed the mean bulk velocity by an amount that increases with increasing tube diameter.

scholarly journals How Do Red Blood Cells Die?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Thiagarajan ◽  
Charles J. Parker ◽  
Josef T. Prchal
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Physicochemical Changes ◽  
Cell Clearance

Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.

scholarly journals pH Dependent Hemolytic Systems. III. The Physical Properties of the Serum Factors Involved, with Some Observations on Their Occurrence in Various Disease States in Man

Blood ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANLEY YACHNIN ◽  
FRANK H. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Sulfhydryl Compounds

Abstract Agglutinins for various artificially altered red blood cells belong to the class of 19S macroglobulins, which migrate electrophoretically as fast gamma or slow beta globulins. The agglutinin activity of serum for altered red cells is readily destroyed by sulfhydryl compounds. Hemolysins for altered red cells are not readily recoverable from serum fractions prepared by starch block electrophoresis or density gradient ultracentrifugation, but, when present, are found to have the same properties. This information lends credence to the concept of these serum factors as examples of "natural antibody," although the stimulus to their formation is not understood. The sera from patients with various types of hemolytic anemias and various dysproteinemias including macroglobulinemia were found to contain normal amounts of altered red cell agglutinins and hemolysins. The sera from three patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia were studied. Two of these sera contained agglutinins and hemolysins for altered red blood cells, as well as isohemolysins and isoagglutinins. The significance of this finding is discussed. The "T" agglutinin and the agglutinin for periodate-treated red cells, both of which are macroglobulins, have been shown by other workers to be absent from newborn sera. Their inability to cross the placenta can be explained by their large size.

scholarly journals Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Aarts ◽  
PA Bolhuis ◽  
KS Sakariassen ◽  
RM Heethaar ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

Acellular hemoglobin solution enters compressed lung capillaries more readily than red blood cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1198-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Conhaim ◽  
Lance A. Rodenkirch ◽  
Kal E. Watson ◽  
Bruce A. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Solution ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
Lung Capillaries ◽  
Alveolar Septa

High lung inflation pressures compress alveolar septal capillaries, impede red cell transit, and interfere with oxygenation. However, recently introduced acellular hemoglobin solutions may enter compressed lung capillaries more easily than red blood cells. To test this hypothesis, we perfused isolated rat lungs with fluorescently labeled diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb; 10%) and/ or autologous red cells (hematocrit, 20). Septal capillaries were compressed by setting lung inflation pressure above vascular pressures (zone 1). Examination by confocal microscopy showed that DCLHb was distributed throughout alveolar septa. Furthermore, this distribution was not affected by adding red blood cells to the perfusate. We estimated the maximum acellular hemoglobin mass within septa to be equivalent to that of 15 red blood cells. By comparison, we found an average of 2.7 ± 4.6 red cells per septum in zone 1. These values increased to 30.4 ± 25.8 and 50.4 ± 22.1 cells per septum in zones 2 and 3, respectively. We conclude that perfusion in zone 1 with a 10% acellular hemoglobin solution may increase the hemoglobin concentration per septum up to fivefold compared with red cell perfusion.

Erythrocyte alterations endurance exercise in horses

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Boucher ◽  
E. W. Ferguson ◽  
C. L. Wilhelmsen ◽  
N. Statham ◽  
R. R. McMeekin
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Erythrocyte Count ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Indices ◽  
The Mean

The erythrocytes of 14 conditioned horses participating in a 157-km endurance ride (requiring 14–21 h) were examined before the ride, immediately upon entering the 44–91-, and 130-km rest stops, and at the finish. At the first rest stop (44 km), the mean erythrocyte count increased 41% (P less than 0.001), the mean hematocrit (Hct) increased 30% (P less than 0.001) and the mean hemoglobin (Hb) increased 33% ( P less than 0.001). Although subsequent mean erythrocyte counts, Hct, and Hb values remained significantly elevated above controls, the values decreased 9–9% from the 4-km values later in the ride. These changes suggest a lost of red cells mass during the prolonged exercise. Spiculated red blood cells that increased markedly in number during exercise were also observed in these conditioned horses. The appearance of an increased number of spiculated red cells with exercise was associated with corresponding changes in red cell indices.

scholarly journals The Effects of Concentrated Eluted Anti-Red Blood Cell Antibodies on the in Vivo Survival of Normal Red Blood Cells

Blood ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL W. CULP ◽  
HUGH CHAPLIN
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Significant Alteration ◽  
Red Cell

Abstract 1. A method has been described for the preparation and sterilization of a concentrated eluate from human red cell stroma. 2. Red cells sensitized by such an eluate prepared from normal control red cells showed entirely normal in vivo survival, as did cells sensitized by eluate from anti-H coated cells. 3. Sensitization of red cells by concentrated eluates from a patient with Coombs-negative acquired hemolytic anemia and from a patient with Coombs-positive acquired hemolytic anemia did not cause significant alteration in the in vivo survival of the red cells. 4. Red cells sensitized by the concentrated eluate from anti-D sensitized cells disappeared from the recipient’s circulation very rapidly and were sequestered in the spleen, indicating preservation of the physiologic properties of the antibody throughout the elution, concentration and sterilization procedures.

scholarly journals The IgG Subclasses of Red Cell Antibodies and Relationship to Monocyte Binding

Blood ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Abramson ◽  
Peter H. Schur
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Igg Subclasses ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rosette Formation ◽  
Igg Subclass ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Myeloma Proteins ◽  
Chromic Chloride

Abstract Purified IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 myeloma proteins were coupled to red blood cells with chromic chloride either individually or in various combinations. Only red blood cells coated with IgG1 or IgG3 formed rosettes; red cells coated with IgG3 appeared to predominate in this reaction. IgG2, IgG4, and IgA myeloma proteins coupled to red blood cells did not appear to inhibit the IgG1 and/or IgG3 also on the red cells from forming rosettes. The IgG subclass specificity of a number of red cell isoantibodies was determined. The majority were IgG1 and IgG3, as previously noted. IgG2 was observed among some of these antibodies, namely in anti-D, anti-CD, anti-CDE, anti-s, and anti-Jka. Although rosette formation was strongly associated with the relative amounts of IgG1 and IgG3, particularly the latter, on red cells, a number of exceptions were noted.

scholarly journals Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Robert J. Asaro ◽  
Pedro Cabrales
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Deformability ◽  
Red Cell Deformability ◽  
Vascular Flow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.

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