scholarly journals Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Aarts ◽  
PA Bolhuis ◽  
KS Sakariassen ◽  
RM Heethaar ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

scholarly journals Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Aarts ◽  
PA Bolhuis ◽  
KS Sakariassen ◽  
RM Heethaar ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

The Influence Of Red Cell Size On Platelet-Vessel Wall Interaction

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A M M Aarts ◽  
J J Sixma ◽  
K S Sakariassen ◽  
P A Bolhuis ◽  
R M Heethaar
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase on platelet accumulation of about one order of magnitude.These studies disregard the influence of the red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady flow system. Perfusions were performed with reconstituted blood consisting of the appropriate washed red cells, aspirin treated and 51Cr labelled human platelets and human plasma. Perfusions were at a calculated vessel wall shear rate of 800 sec-1 for 5 min at 37°C. Platelet adherence was measured by 51Cr counting and controlled by morphometry. Human, goat and rabbit red blood cells were utilized. Human red blood cells (mean cell volume 100 f1) increase platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 60%. Human erythrocyte ghosts had a similar effect. Goat erythrocytes (m.c.v. 25 f1) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (m.c.v. 70 f1) caused an intermediate increase in adherence.These data indicate that the red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. They may be explained by postulating that red cell rotation is responsible for diffusivity.

scholarly journals How Do Red Blood Cells Die?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Thiagarajan ◽  
Charles J. Parker ◽  
Josef T. Prchal
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Physicochemical Changes ◽  
Cell Clearance

Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.

scholarly journals Osmotic Hemolysis of Chemically Modified Red Blood Cells

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD F. BAKER ◽  
NAOMI R. GILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Membrane Repair ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Osmotic Hemolysis ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Single Membrane ◽  
Crown Formation

Abstract The mechanism of osmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells has been investigated after mild fixation in glutaraldehyde. A mass of precipitated hemoglobin (crown) is seen around a single membrane break which may be as large as 2µ in diameter. Ghosts with large holes are not seen and it is believed that membrane repair takes place. Hemoglobin extrusion by this mechanism takes place only around the rim of the red cell. Both old and young red cells exhibit crown formation, but old cells require longer fixation than do young cells. A correlation with previous work on mode of osmotic hemolysis of red cells is discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON HEMAGGLUTINATION AND HEMOLYSIS BY ESCHERICHIA COLI ANTISERA

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Neter ◽  
Lee F. Bertram ◽  
Dorothy A. Zak ◽  
Miriam R. Murdock ◽  
Carl E. Arbesman
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Homologous Blood ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Blood Group A ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Group A

A study on hemagglutination and hemolysis by Escherichia coli O111 and O55 (rabbit) antisera and on hemagglutination and hemolysis inhibition by E. coli O111 and O55 antigens revealed the following facts. 1. Red blood cells of man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, sheep, rat, and chicken adsorb E. coli O111 and O55 antigens and thus become specifically agglutinable by the homologous E. coli antisera. 2. The adsorption of these E. coli antigens is a function of the concentration of the antigen, the time (from 5 minutes to 2 hours) of treatment of the red blood cells with the antigen, and the concentration of the red blood cells used. 3. Red blood cells of man and sheep adsorb simultaneously both antigens, as indicated by the fact that both antisera give agglutination of all red blood cells. Complete agglutination does not occur when a mixture of red blood cells treated separately with the two antigens is added to one or the other of the two antisera. 4. Treatment of red blood cells of man with one of the antigens does not block the adsorption of the second antigen. Human cells treated with either or both antigens are still agglutinated by the homologous blood group (A, B, and Rh)-specific antibodies. 5. In the presence of guinea pig complement, E. coli O111 and O55 antisera produce hemolysis of modified human red blood cells in titers of the same order of magnitude as those giving hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination. The same antisera produce hemolysis of sheep cells treated with the identical antigens in titers exceeding by far those giving agglutination of modified human or sheep red blood cells. 6. Both sediment and supernate of a boiled E. coli suspension are capable of modifying red blood cells for E. coli hemagglutination; in contrast, the supernate obtained from an unboiled suspension and then heated does not modify red blood cells for hemagglutination, although it contains the antigen which can specifically adsorb E. coli antibodies, as shown by means of the hemagglutination and hemolysis inhibition tests. 7. Both the unheated and the boiled suspensions of E. coli O111 and O55 inhibit hemagglutination and hemolysis specifically. 8. Rabbit red blood cells modified by either E. coli O111 or 055 antigens, upon intravenous injection into rabbits, engender specific E. coli antibodies. The significance of the results is discussed.

THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-106
Author(s):  
Hobart A. Reimann ◽  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Marked Diminution ◽  
Derivatives Of

A study has been made of the variation in number of the blood platelets, and the red and white blood cells of white mice injected with pneumococcus extract. The blood platelets were greatly diminished after the injection, the greatest decrease usually occurring after 24 hours. Purpuric lesions usually developed when the number of blood platelets became less than 500,000 per c.mm. Regeneration of the platelets was accomplished by the 4th to the 9th day but there was an overregeneration and the return to normal did not take place until 2 weeks had elapsed. The red cells were also greatly reduced in number, but the rate of their destruction and regeneration was somewhat slower than that of the platelets. The leucocytes were slightly if at all influenced by the pneumococcus extract. Pneumococcus extracts were shown to be thrombolytic and hemolytic. Heat destroyed the activity of both the lysins in vitro. Heated extract produced purpura in mice but did not cause a severe anemia. Extracts adsorbed with either blood platelets or red blood cells showed a marked diminution in their thrombolytic and hemolytic activity in vitro. Such extracts, however, produced purpura as well as severe anemia and thrombopenia in mice.

scholarly journals Normal Functions of the Spleen Relative to Red Blood Cells: A Review

Blood ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM H. CROSBY
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Normal Spleen ◽  
And Storage

Abstract During all the stages of a red cell’s life the normal spleen exerts a normal function. Eight of these functions have been considered: (1) erythropoiesis; (2) an effect upon red cell production; (3) an effect upon maturation of the red cell surface; (4) the reservoir function; (5) the "culling function"; (6) iron turnover and storage; (7) the "pitting function"; (8) destruction of old red cells.

The squeezing of red blood cells through capillaries with near-minimal diameters

1989 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Halpern ◽  
T. W. Secomb
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Tube Diameter ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Intact Cells

An analysis is presented of the mechanics of red blood cells flowing in very narrow tubes. Mammalian red cells are highly flexible, but their deformations satisfy two significant constraints. They must deform at constant volume, because the contents of the cell are incompressible, and also at nearly constant surface area, because the red cell membrane strongly resists dilation. Consequently, there exists a minimal tube diameter below which passage of intact cells is not possible. A cell in a tube with this diameter has its critical shape: a cylinder with hemispherical ends. Here, flow of red cells in tubes with near-minimal diameters is analysed using lubrication theory. When the tube diameter is slightly larger than the minimal value, the cell shape is close to its shape in the critical case. However, the rear end of the cell becomes flattened and then concave with a relatively small further increase in the diameter. The changes in cell shape and the resulting rheological parameters are analysed using matched asymptotic expansions for the high-velocity limit and using numerical solutions. Predictions of rheological parameters are also obtained using the assumption that the cell is effectively rigid with its critical shape, yielding very similar results. A rapid decrease in the apparent viscosity of red cell suspensions with increasing tube diameter is predicted over the range of diameters considered. The red cell velocity is found to exceed the mean bulk velocity by an amount that increases with increasing tube diameter.

scholarly journals pH Dependent Hemolytic Systems. III. The Physical Properties of the Serum Factors Involved, with Some Observations on Their Occurrence in Various Disease States in Man

Blood ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANLEY YACHNIN ◽  
FRANK H. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Sulfhydryl Compounds

Abstract Agglutinins for various artificially altered red blood cells belong to the class of 19S macroglobulins, which migrate electrophoretically as fast gamma or slow beta globulins. The agglutinin activity of serum for altered red cells is readily destroyed by sulfhydryl compounds. Hemolysins for altered red cells are not readily recoverable from serum fractions prepared by starch block electrophoresis or density gradient ultracentrifugation, but, when present, are found to have the same properties. This information lends credence to the concept of these serum factors as examples of "natural antibody," although the stimulus to their formation is not understood. The sera from patients with various types of hemolytic anemias and various dysproteinemias including macroglobulinemia were found to contain normal amounts of altered red cell agglutinins and hemolysins. The sera from three patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia were studied. Two of these sera contained agglutinins and hemolysins for altered red blood cells, as well as isohemolysins and isoagglutinins. The significance of this finding is discussed. The "T" agglutinin and the agglutinin for periodate-treated red cells, both of which are macroglobulins, have been shown by other workers to be absent from newborn sera. Their inability to cross the placenta can be explained by their large size.

Acellular hemoglobin solution enters compressed lung capillaries more readily than red blood cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1198-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Conhaim ◽  
Lance A. Rodenkirch ◽  
Kal E. Watson ◽  
Bruce A. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Solution ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
Lung Capillaries ◽  
Alveolar Septa

High lung inflation pressures compress alveolar septal capillaries, impede red cell transit, and interfere with oxygenation. However, recently introduced acellular hemoglobin solutions may enter compressed lung capillaries more easily than red blood cells. To test this hypothesis, we perfused isolated rat lungs with fluorescently labeled diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb; 10%) and/ or autologous red cells (hematocrit, 20). Septal capillaries were compressed by setting lung inflation pressure above vascular pressures (zone 1). Examination by confocal microscopy showed that DCLHb was distributed throughout alveolar septa. Furthermore, this distribution was not affected by adding red blood cells to the perfusate. We estimated the maximum acellular hemoglobin mass within septa to be equivalent to that of 15 red blood cells. By comparison, we found an average of 2.7 ± 4.6 red cells per septum in zone 1. These values increased to 30.4 ± 25.8 and 50.4 ± 22.1 cells per septum in zones 2 and 3, respectively. We conclude that perfusion in zone 1 with a 10% acellular hemoglobin solution may increase the hemoglobin concentration per septum up to fivefold compared with red cell perfusion.

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