scholarly journals SELECTIVE "STAINING" FOR ELECTRON MICROGRAPHY

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Mudd ◽  
Thomas F. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
Electron Micrography ◽  
Chemical Effects ◽  
Microchemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Selective Chemical

The physical basis of contrast and image formation in electron micrography is considered in relation to the possibility of recording selective chemical effects on cell components. A technology of selective microchemical analysis, equivalent to differential staining, is suggested as practicable in electron micrography. Electron pictures of bacteria after exposure to salts of heavy metals have shown the bacterial inner protoplasm, but not the cell walls, to be selectively darkened; shrinkage, coagulation, or escape of protoplasm from the injured cells may result and be recorded in the electron micrographs. Recording of the action of germicidal agents on individual bacterial cells is indicated as one promising field of application of microchemical analysis with the aid of the electron microscope.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN AND OTHER CATIONIC POLYPEPTIDES ON THE CYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTER OF BACTERIAL CELLS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Spitznagel
Keyword(s):  
Differential Staining ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
High Ph ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Detergent Action ◽  
Cell Components

Cationic polypeptides interact with bacterial cells of E. coli and B. anthracis. They confer upon the cells some of the characteristics of cationic particles. Since bacterial cells usually behave as anions, acidic dyes at high pH levels differentiate between cells which have and those which have not interacted with cationic polypeptides. Under the conditions of these experiments it appeared that cationic polypeptides tend to be sorbed in highest concentration in the surface layers of the cells. Electrovalent binding to anionic cell components and detergent action are probably among the mechanisms involved in the interaction between the polypeptides such as histones and bacterial cells. The differential staining of bacterial cells which have interacted with cationic polypeptides is feasible and reasonably selective. It should be useful in determining whether bacterial cells interact with host cationic polypeptides in vitro.

scholarly journals Bioconservation of Historic Stone Buildings—An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5695
Author(s):  
Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales ◽  
Christine Claire Gaylarde
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Original Condition ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Historic Stone

Cultural heritage buildings of stone construction require careful restorative actions to maintain them as close to the original condition as possible. This includes consolidation and cleaning of the structure. Traditional consolidants may have poor performance due to structural drawbacks such as low adhesion, poor penetration and flexibility. The requirement for organic consolidants to be dissolved in volatile organic compounds may pose environmental and human health risks. Traditional conservation treatments can be replaced by more environmentally acceptable, biologically-based, measures, including bioconsolidation using whole bacterial cells or cell biomolecules; the latter include plant or microbial biopolymers and bacterial cell walls. Biocleaning can employ microorganisms or their extracted enzymes to remove inorganic and organic surface deposits such as sulfate crusts, animal glues, biofilms and felt tip marker graffiti. This review seeks to provide updated information on the innovative bioconservation treatments that have been or are being developed.

Controlled lysis of bacterial cells utilizing mutants with defective synthesis of D-alanine

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Heaton ◽  
Robert B. Johnston ◽  
Thomas L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Alanine Racemase ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Intracellular Enzymes ◽  
Dense Cell

An alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) mutant (Dal−) of Bacillus subtilis required small amounts of D-alanine to synthesize an osmotically stable cell wall in certain growth media. Investigation of the conditions which caused lysis in hypotonic media revealed that in addition to complex media, such as nutrient broth and acid-hydrolyzed casein, glycine inhibited stable cell wall formation. D-Alanine prevented the glycine inhibition. Up to 99% lysis occurred in both dilute and dense cell suspensions (optical densities up to 110) within 2.5 h after adding 1% glycine to late log phase cultures. Intracellular enzymes recovered from the lysate were as active as those from lysozyme-disrupted cells. No amino acid tested other than glycine induced lysis. Dal− mutants can be used for controlled lysis of bacterial cells to facilitate the isolation of normal intracellular constituents and bioengineered products from fermentation processes. Cell walls of most bacteria contain D-alanine; thus, this strategy should be applicable to a wide variety of microorganisms.

Enhanced bioaccumulation of heavy metals by bacterial cells displaying synthetic phytochelatins

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weon Bae ◽  
Wilfred Chen ◽  
Ashok Mulchandani ◽  
Rajesh K. Mehra
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Bacterial Cells

FUSION OF CARROT AND BARLEY PROTOPLASTS AND DIVISION OF HETEROKARYOCYTES

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dudits ◽  
K. N. Kao ◽  
F. Constabel ◽  
O. L. Gamborg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Carrot Cell ◽  
Fusion Of Protoplasts ◽  
Fusion Products ◽  
Carrot Cell Cultures

Fusion of protoplasts from cultured cells of carrot (Daucus carota L.) and from leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by means of polyethylene glycol resulted in the formation of 4-5 fusion products (heterokaryocytes) per 100 protoplasts. When incubated in culture medium, the heterokaryocytes regenerated cell walls and divided. The frequency of division depended on the viability of the protoplasts from carrot cell cultures, specifically, on the mitotic activity of the cells. Fusion of interphase carrot and barley nuclei was detected by differential staining. Synchronized mitosis was observed in heterokaryons containing barley and carrot nuclei.

Algicidal activity and gliding motility of Saprospira sp. SS98-5

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gou Furusawa ◽  
Takeshi Yoshikawa ◽  
Akihiro Yasuda ◽  
Taizo Sakata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Algicidal Activity ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Kagoshima Bay ◽  
Motile Cells ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

A marine bacterium, Saprospira sp. SS98-5, which was isolated from Kagoshima Bay, Japan, was able to kill and lyse the cells of the diatom Chaetoceros ceratosporum. The multicellular filamentous cells of this bacterium captured the diatom cells, formed cell aggregates, and lysed them in an enriched sea water (ESS) liquid medium. Strain SS98-5 also formed plaques on double layer agar plates incorporating diatom cells. The diatom cell walls were partially degraded at the contact sites with the bacteria, the bacteria invaded from there into the diatom cells, and then the diatom cells were completely lysed. The strain possessed gliding motility and grew as spreading colonies on ESS agar plates containing lower concentrations of polypeptone (below 0.1%) while forming nonspreading colonies on ESS agar plates containing 0.5% polypeptone. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections demonstrated that microtubule-like structures were observable only in gliding motile cells. Both the gliding motility and the microtubule-like structures were diminished by the addition of podophyllotoxin, an inhibitor of microtubule assembly, suggesting that the microtubule-like structures observed in these bacterial cells are related to their gliding motility.Key words: Saprospira sp., Chaetoceros ceratosporum, gliding motility, algicidal activity, microtubule-like structure.

scholarly journals GENOTOXICITY EFFECT OF CHLOREXIDINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
DITA SEPTIANI
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Lipid Peroxide ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Plasma Lipoproteins ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Unsaturated Lipids ◽  
Genome Damage ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Chlorexidine is a mouthwash that is chosen by many dentists as an antiseptic and antibacterial. CHX has bactericidal properties in gram-positive and negative bacteria and fungi. Chlorhexidine causes damage to the permeability of bacterial cell membranes so that cytoplasmic fluid in bacterial cells and other cell components with lower molecular weight from inside the cell penetrates out through the cell membrane, causing the bacteria to die. Much research has been done to study the biocompatibility of composite resins, especially cytotoxicity and genotoxicity testing. Genotoxicity tests that are often done are comet tests to see DNA damage and micronuclei tests to see genome damage. CHX increases Fe-dependent lipid peroxidation by splitting oxygen bonds with iron ions in Fentonlike reactions, producing alkoxyl radicals. The ROS reaction of unsaturated lipids on cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins results in the formation of lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde) which can chemically alter proteins and bases nucleic acid. The content of chlorexidine can have genotoxic effects. Keyword: Genotoxic, Chlorexidine, comet assay, micronuclei assay

scholarly journals The structure of the endodermis during the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kopcińska ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Root Endodermis

It is shown on the basis of cytological studies that during the development of the pea root endodermis, the following structures were formed (in order of appearance): proendodermis, Casparian strips, suberin lamellae and secondary cell walls. The proendodermis cells had, in addition to the commonly occurring cell components, small vacuoles filled with phenols. The Casparian strips developed in the radial walls and accounted for no more than 1/3 of their length. The suberin layer, found on all of the endodermis walls, was deposited last over the Casparian strips. The secondary cell wall was formed only in the cells located over the phloem bundles. Its thickness was uniform over the entire circumference of the cell.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Cell Walls of Polygonum cuspidatum Roots from Metalliferous Habitats

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Nishizono ◽  
Kohsuke Kubota ◽  
Shizuo Suzuki ◽  
Fumi Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum
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