scholarly journals A NON-VIRULENT, SINGLE-DOSE RABIES VACCINE FOR PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION OF DOGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
L. T. Webster ◽  
J. Casals
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Our studies on rabies vaccines thus far have led us to the view that in order to develop and test vaccines, quantitative methods are necessary, and that such quantitative methods may be exploited to greatest advantage by using mice, preferably W-Swiss, as the test animal. Dogs, due to their variability and susceptibility to intercurrent infections when kept under experimental conditions, are useful chiefly to check whether or not a vaccine produces a high grade of immunity; they remain of limited value in testing the comparative potencies of weak vaccines. A second point is that the Pasteur strain of virus has proved as potent as any tested for the preparation of vaccines. Another point is that virus material for preparing vaccines must titre at least 330,000 mouse doses per cc. to be effective. This requirement has eliminated all culture vaccines thus far reported, with the possible exception of Plotz's (7) and leaves virus-containing brain tissue as the sole potent source of vaccine. In summary, we believe that a single injection of non-virulent irradiated vaccine, prepared as herein described, immunizes mice and dogs effectively against a subsequent test inoculation of virulent rabies virus and does so to a greater degree than do other vaccines now obtainable. It is easily and quickly prepared, keeps well, and has a low nitrogen content.

scholarly journals THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus W. Jungeblut ◽  
Barbara R. McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Normal Organ ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Reticulo Endothelial System

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of a single injection of India ink caused a marked retention of neoarsphenamine in the blood of guinea pigs during the first twenty minutes of observation after intravenous injection, as contrasted with the rapid disappearance of the drug from the blood of normal controls. 2. Rabbits blocked by a single dose of India ink showed a slower elimination of the drug from the circulation following the first few hours after intravenous injection than corresponding controls. 3. The arsenic content of the liver of mice, which received neoarsphenamine intravenously after a preceding blocking injection with India ink, was appreciably lower than the arsenic content of the normal organ under similar experimental conditions.

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF DECIDUALIZATION. I.

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Shelesnyak ◽  
Peretz F. Kraicer ◽  
Gerard H. Zeilmaker
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Single Injection

ABSTRACT The concept of an oestrogen surge as a prerequisite for successful decidualization of the progravid uterus and consequently nidation in the rat was tested. Experiments were designed to see whether administration of an oestrogen antagonist at specific times would block decidualization (and nidation); whether the ovary was the source of the oestrogen, and whether a single dose of oestrogen, in the absence of the ovary (if the ovary is the source) would allow the uterus to respond to a decidualizing stimulus. It was found that when given prior to the surge, the oestrogen antagonist prevented decidualization and interfered with nidation. The ovary is thus the source of the oestrogen; and a single injection of oestradiol can act as a substitute for the surge.

Liver preneoplastic changes in mice treated with the herbicide fomesafen

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Krijt ◽  
P Stránská ◽  
J Sanitraák ◽  
A Chlumská ◽  
F Fakan
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Liver Histology ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Liver Nodules ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Mice Liver ◽  
Foci Of Altered Hepatocytes

1 Effect of the diphenyl ether herbicide fomesafen on liver preneoplastic changes and porphyrin biosynthesis was examined in male C57BL/6J mice (0.23% in the diet for 14 months) and ICR mice (0.3% in the diet for 50 weeks). Fomesafen treatment resulted in preneoplastic changes (liver nodules and foci of altered hepatocytes) in both strains, uroporphyria developed only in ICR mice. 2 Iron pretreatment (600 mg/kg as a single dose) accelerated the development of fomesafen-induced preneoplastic changes in both mouse strains. The number of foci containing altered hepatocytes, as well as the number and size of liver nodules, were increased in iron-pretreated animals. 3 A single injection of iron induced marked uroporphyria in C57BL/6J mice after 14 months (liver porphyrin content 102 nmol/g). This uroporphyria was further potentiated by fomesafen administration (208 nmol/g). 4 In ICR mice, liver histology was apparently normal after a 3 month recovery from fomesafen treatment (0.32% for 9 months). Liver porphyrin content (260 nmol/g) started to decrease immediately after fomesafen withdrawal, but was still significantly elevated after 3 months (5 nmol/g), as compared to controls (1 nmol/g). 5 It is concluded that the toxicological evaluation of fomesafen should focus on liver porphyrin biosynthesis.

NOx Reduction Review on Fuel Alternative in Cement Kiln

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1626-1629
Author(s):  
Hai Bing Liu ◽  
Xiao Dong Chen ◽  
Jun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Cement Kiln ◽  
Cement Kilns ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The paper first discusses the relativity between alternative combustion andNOx emissions by a test in dry cement kiln, and a lot of case on fuel alternative The main findings of the study are that the use of RDF in cement kilns instead of coal or coke offers environmental benefits and reduce NOx emission. The conclusion is that the NOx generation can probably be lower because of lower flame temperatures or lower air excess and low nitrogen content in comparison with fossil fuels also is impartment reason., another a fact that most of the nitrogen (N) in biomass is released as ammonia (NH3) which acts as a reducing agent with NOx to form nitrogen (N2).

Precipitation of aluminum nitride in a high strength maraging steel with low nitrogen content

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Jeanmaire ◽  
M. Dehmas ◽  
A. Redjaïmia ◽  
S. Puech ◽  
G. Fribourg
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Maraging Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Nitrogen

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Furfural Residues and Possible Utilization Pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Ngusale
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Pure Nitrogen ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Furfural Residues ◽  
Furfural Residue ◽  
Ftir Spectrometer ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Utilization Pathway ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The manuscript attempts to understand the evolution of NOx precursors: NH3 and HCN from Pyrolysis of furfural residue (FR). The pyrolysis process was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled to Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The combination revealed insightful information on the evolution of NH3 and HCN. This could help us better understand the characteristics of FR derived from furfural production especially with regard to NH3 and HCN. Nitrogen is considered a minor component in biomass wastes; in this study nitrogen content is about 0.57%. However, the pollution potential poised by low nitrogen content is huge through both direct and indirect processes. Thus, this study presents results that were found with regard to FR pyrolysis in pure nitrogen environment. At the heating rate of 40°C/min−1, the only NOx precursor detected was HCN at 713 cm−1 as per the database provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NH3 was not detected. The particle size of FR used ranged between 0.15–0.25 mm.

scholarly journals A Betalain-rich Dietary Supplement, But Not PETN, Increases Vasodilation and Nitric Oxide: A Comparative, Single-dose, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Blinded, Crossover Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
B. V. Nemzer ◽  
Z. Pietrzkowski ◽  
J. M. Hunter ◽  
J. L. Robinson ◽  
B. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Organic Nitrate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Study Results

Nutraceutical supplements have demonstrated promise as agents for improving athletic performance and for positively affecting cardiovascular health and vigor through modulation of endothelial function at the cellular level. High-nitrate products, such as red beet juices and powders, have been observed to improve athletic performance potentially through increased nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the blood. Similarly, a patented low nitrate, low sugar betalain-rich supplement has also been reported to significantly improve athletic performance. To the best of our knowledge, no acute clinical studies have been conducted that have demonstrated the comparative efficacies of high-nitrate or betalain-rich, low nitrate materials on measures of endothelial function in real time. In this acute single-dose, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, we examined the effects of the betalain-rich low nitrate dietary supplement, (BRS, 50mg), in comparison to pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, 40mg), a pharmaceutical drug that is a potent source of organic nitrate, and a placebo, on various measures of endothelial function for up to 4-hours post-ingestion. More specifically, in order to gauge post-treatment changes in endothelial function we measured flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitrite (NO2)/nitrate (NO3) content, circulating nitrosyl-hemoglobin (NOHb) concentration, and cellular metabolic activity (CMA) measured as generation of reactive oxygen species, a side reaction of oxidative-reductive cellular metabolism. Ten participants completed all arms of the study. Results suggest that within 2 hours, BRS, but not PETN or placebo, resulted in significantly elevated levels of NOHb (a measure of bioavailable NO●) (p = 0.017) and increased vasodilation as measured by FMD, (p = 0.025). As expected, due to its high nitrate content, NO2/NO3 levels were increased by PETN within 2-hours (p = 0.048), but not by BRS or placebo. Finally, under these experimental conditions, PETN and BRS produced no significant changes for mitochondrial, NADPH-oxidase dependent or cellular CMA. These data provide preliminary support for single-dose effectiveness of BRS, but not PETN, on levels of bioavailable NO● and FMD, both important measures of endothelial function. Additionally, these data suggest potentially different mechanisms of action related to low nitrate BRS and organic nitrate PETN.

The influence of diet on the nitrogenous components passing to the duodenum and through the lower ileum of sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 166 (1002) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Ileum

Analyses of the alimentary contents flowing to the duodenum of sheep during 24 h show that when the sheep are consuming a low-nitrogen diet more total nitrogen and amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum than are eaten daily in the food whereas when the sheep are eating high nitrogen diets, less total nitrogen and less amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum. The disparity between the total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content of the diets largely disappeared by the time the alimentary contents reached the terminal part of the ileum. From 64 to 68% of the nitrogen entering the duodenum and 54 to 64% of the nitrogen in the ileal contents was in the form of amino nitrogen. Proportionately more of the amino nitrogen was in solution in the ileal contents than in the duodenal contents. Losses of amino acids in the stomach when a high-nitrogen diet was consumed were especially large for glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, arginine and leucine. They were least for cystine and threonine. Gains of amino acids in the stomach when low nitrogen diets were consumed were all substantial except for proline, where a loss was found when hay and flaked maize were given. When these changes are considered as proportions of the quantities eaten then trends are similar for all acids. Changes in the molar proportions of the amino acids present in hydrolysates of the duodenal and ileal contents are discussed together with the significance of these changes in relation to the nutrition of the sheep.

Effects of a Single Dose of Rabbit Anti-mouse Lymphocyte Serum on Tumors Induced in Mice by 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene Given at Birth

1972 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo D. Baroni ◽  
Pietro Mingazzini ◽  
Paolo Pesando ◽  
Anna Cavallero ◽  
Stefania Uccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Malignant Lymphoma ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Skin Tumors ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Mouse Lymphocyte

The effects of ALS (anti-lymphocyte serum) and NRS (normal rabbit serum) treatments on the development of malignant lymphoma, lung, subcutaneous and skin tumors induced in mice by 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) are described. Groups of Charles-River mice, injected at birth with a dose of 100 μg of DMBA, received a single injection of ALS or NRS at the same time as DMBA administration or 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after birth. Incidence, latency, histology and spread of the tumors were studied in all groups. It was found that both ALS and NRS increased tumor incidence and shortened their latency period. Malignant lymphomas were the main tumors whose latency was shortened either by ALS or NRS treatment. In addition ALS treatment apparently increased dissemination of DMBA induced lymphoma in bone marrow.

Simultaneous yeast–bacteria inoculum. A feasible solution for the management of oenological fermentation in red must with low nitrogen content

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 805-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Guzzon ◽  
Tomas Roman Villega ◽  
Michele Pedron ◽  
Mario Malacarne ◽  
Giorgio Nicolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Low Nitrogen
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