scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE ACTION OF ACID AND ALKALI ON GLUTEN

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Henderson ◽  
Edwin J. Cohn ◽  
P. H. Cathcart ◽  
J. D. Wachman ◽  
W. O. Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Simple Chemical

In this paper there are reported studies of the acid-base equilibrium in systems containing gluten suspended in solution of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The studies have involved measurements of the hydrogen ion concentration, of the electrical conductivity, and of the solution of the proteins. Further, measurements have been made of the swelling and of the viscosity of the gluten component of such systems. The results seem to show that simple chemical phenomena are most important in such systems, and that the modifications of these, resulting from colloidal and heterogeneous characteristics, are of secondary importance in determining the condition of equilibrium, though somewhat more significant in the progress of the system toward the condition of equilibrium.

scholarly journals STIMULATION BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN THE CATFISH, SCHILBEODES

1931 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cole ◽  
James B. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acid Molecule ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Effective Stimulus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Function

1. The reaction of the catfish, Schilbeodes gyrinus Mitchill, to hydrochloric acid over a wide range of concentrations (from pH 1.82 to pH 6.83) has been studied under experimental conditions which reduced to a minimum all other stimuli. 2. As the [H+J increases within the limits mentioned, the reaction time of the fish decreases. In other words, the rate of the stimulation processes is an increasing function of the hydrogen ion concentration. 3. The effective stimulus is the hydrogen ion, since NaCl solutions of equivalent concentration were not stimulating. 4. Stimulation by hydrochloric acid is therefore correlated with the potential of the cation resulting from dissociation of the acid molecule.

A physiological approach to acid–base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments

2020 ◽  
pp. 2182-2198
Author(s):  
Julian Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Fluid Compartments

The normal pH of human extracellular fluid is maintained within the range of 7.35 to 7.45. The four main types of acid–base disorders can be defined by the relationship between the three variables, pH, Pco2, and HCO3 –. Respiratory disturbances begin with an increase or decrease in pulmonary carbon dioxide clearance which—through a shift in the equilibrium between CO2, H2O, and HCO3 –—favours a decreased hydrogen ion concentration (respiratory alkalosis) or an increased hydrogen ion concentration (respiratory acidosis) respectively. Metabolic acidosis may result when hydrogen ions are added with a nonbicarbonate anion, A−, in the form of HA, in which case bicarbonate is consumed, or when bicarbonate is removed as the sodium or potassium salt, increasing hydrogen ion concentration. Metabolic alkalosis is caused by removal of hydrogen ions or addition of bicarbonate. Laboratory tests usually performed in pursuit of diagnosis, aside from arterial blood gas analysis, include a basic metabolic profile with electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Calculation of the serum anion gap, which is determined by subtracting the sum of chloride and bicarbonate from the serum sodium concentration, is useful. The normal value is 10 to 12 mEq/litre. An elevated value is diagnostic of metabolic acidosis, helpful in the differential diagnosis of the specific metabolic acidosis, and useful in determining the presence of a mixed metabolic disturbance. Acid–base disorders can be associated with (1) transport processes across epithelial cells lining transcellular spaces in the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and skin; (2) transport of acid anions from intracellular to extracellular spaces—anion gap acidosis; and (3) intake.

scholarly journals SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE THEORY OF MEMBRANE EQUILIBRIA

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Ionization Constant ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Pass Through

In applying Donnan's theory of membrane equilibria to systems where the non-diffusible ion is furnished by a weak acid, base, or ampholyte, certain new relations have been derived. Equations have been deduced which give the ion ratio and the apparent osmotic pressure as functions of the concentration and ionization constant of the weak electrolyte, and of the hydrogen ion concentration in its solution. The conditions for maximum values of these two properties have been formulated. It is pointed out that the progressive addition of acid to a system containing a non-diffusible weak base should not cause the value of the membrane potential to rise, pass through a maximum, and fall, but should only cause it to diminish. It is shown that the theory predicts slight differences in the effect of salts on the ion ratio in such systems, the effect increasing with the valence of the cation.

Intracellular hydrogen ion changes and potassium movement

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Brown ◽  
Bernard Goott
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Donnan Equilibrium ◽  
Extracellular Compartment ◽  
Direction Of Movement

Intracellular hydrogen ion concentration was determined on skeletal muscle by the DMO technique in dogs subjected to various acid-base alterations. The data verified the fact that a given alteration in Pco2 produces a larger hydrogen ion change in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid. In spite of this, however, the ratio (See PDF) decreased. On the basis of this change in ratio, the Donnan equilibrium would predict that potassium would move from intracellular to extracellular compartment and not in the reverse direction as had been assumed previously. Using the change in plasma potassium as the criterion of direction of movement of potassium between intracellular and extracellular fluids, the movement of potassium produced by any of the acid-base alterations which were studied was usually that which would be predicted by the Donnan equilibrium.

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