scholarly journals CERTAIN EFFECTS OF SALTS ON THE PENETRATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE INTO NITELLA

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Basic Dye ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Buffer Mixture ◽  
Trivalent Cations

The effect of various substances on living cells may be advantageously studied by exposing them to such substances and observing their subsequent behavior in solutions of a basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue. The rate of penetration of the basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue, is decreased when cells are exposed to salts with monovalent cations before they are placed in the dye solution (made up with borate buffer mixture). This inhibiting effect is assumed to be due to the effect of the salts on the protoplasm. This effect is not readily reversible when cells are transferred to distilled water, but it is removed by salts with bivalent or trivalent cations. In some cases it disappears in dye made up with phosphate buffer mixture, or with borate buffer mixture at the pH value in which the borax predominates, and in the case of NaCl it disappears in dye containing NaCl. No inhibiting effect is seen when cells are exposed to NaCl solution containing MgCl2 before they are placed in the dye solution. The rate of penetration of dye is not decreased when cells are previously exposed to salts with bivalent and trivalent cations. The rate is slightly increased when cells are placed in the dye solution containing a salt with monovalent cation and probably with bivalent or trivalent cations. In the case of the bivalent and trivalent salts the increase is so slight that it may be negligible.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ACETATE BUFFER MIXTURES, ACETIC ACID, AND SODIUM ACETATE, ON THE PROTOPLASM, AS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF PENETRATION OF CRESYL BLUE INTO THE VACUOLE OF NITELLA

1927 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Buffer Mixture

When living cells of Nitella are exposed to a solution of sodium acetate and are then placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue made up with a borate buffer mixture at pH 7.85, a decrease in the rate of penetration of dye is found, without any change in the pH value of the sap. It is assumed that this inhibiting effect is caused by the action of sodium on the protoplasm. This effect is not manifest if the dye solution is made up with phosphate buffer mixture at pH 7.85. It is assumed that this is due to the presence of a greater concentration of base cations in the phosphate buffer mixture. In the case of cells previously exposed to solutions of acetic acid the rate of penetration of dye decreases with the lowering of the pH value of the sap. This inhibiting effect is assumed to be due chiefly to the action of acetic acid on the protoplasm, provided the pH value of the external acetic acid is not so low as to involve an inhibiting effect on the protoplasm by hydrogen ions as well. It is assumed that the acetic acid either has a specific effect on the protoplasm or enters as undissociated molecules and by subsequent dissociation lowers the pH value of the protoplasm. With acetate buffer mixture the inhibiting effect is due to the action of sodium and acetic acid on the protoplasm. The inhibiting effect of acetic acid and acetate buffer mixture is manifested whether the dye solution is made up with borate or phosphate buffer mixture at pH 7.85. It is assumed that acetic acid in the vacuole serves as a reservoir so that during the experiment the inhibiting effect still persists.

scholarly journals COUNTERACTION OF THE INHIBITING EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON NITELLA

1927 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Bivalent Cations ◽  
Buffer Mixture ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

When living cells of Nitella are first exposed to (1) phosphate buffer mixture, or (2) phosphoric acid, or (3) hydrochloric acid, or (4) sodium chloride, or (5) sodium borate, and are then placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue made up with a borate buffer mixture at pH 7.85, the rate of penetration of the dye into the vacuole is decreased as compared with the rate in the case of cells transferred directly from tap water to the same dye solution. When cells exposed to any one of these solutions are placed in the dye solution made up with phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.85, the rate of penetration of dye into the vacuole is the same as the rate in the case of cells transferred from the tap water to the same dye solution. It is probable that this removal of the inhibiting effect is due primarily to the presence of certain concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the phosphate buffer solution. If a sufficient concentration of sodium ions is added to the dye made up with a borate buffer mixture the inhibiting effect is removed just as it is in the case of the dye made up with the phosphate buffer mixture. The inhibiting effect of some of these substances is found to be removed by the dye containing a sufficient concentration of bivalent cations, or by washing the cells with salts of bivalent cations. The inhibiting effect and its removal are discussed from a theoretical standpoint.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE IN THE SAP OF LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA IN THE PRESENCE OF NH3

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

When the living cells of Nitella are placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue containing NH4Cl, the rate of accumulation of the dye in the sap is found to be lower than when the cells are placed in a solution of dye containing no NH4Cl and this may occur without any increase in the pH value of the cell sap. This decrease is found to be primarily due to the presence of NH3 in the sap and seems not to exist where NH3 is present only in the external solution at the concentration used.

Study on Processing Technology of Brewer's Grains on Acid Dye Brilliant Cresyl Blue Wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 841-844
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Jiang ◽  
Xin Long Jiang ◽  
Cheng Gang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Acid Dye ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Maximal Absorption

Orthogonal experiment optimization of adsorption conditions with the factors of pH value, adsorption time, adsorbent amount of brilliant cresyl blue wastewater by brewer's grains were studied. The results showed that optimum adsorption conditions were as follows: 100 mL brilliant cresyl blue dye solution of 150 mg·L-1,adding 5.0 g·L-1brewer's grains of 60~80 mesh and adsorbed for 2.0 h,extraction temperature 30°C,pH 5.0. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal absorption rate got 95.12%.The brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for brilliant cresyl blue in wastewater.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION OF DYES AS INFLUENCED BY HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Active Protein ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dye Solutions

When cells of Nitella are placed in buffer solutions at pH 9, there is a very slow and gradual increase in the pH of the sap from pH 5.6 to 6.4 (when death of the cells takes place). If the living cells are placed in 0.002 per cent dye solutions of brilliant cresyl blue at different pH values (from pH 6.6 to pH 9), it is found that the rate of penetration of the dye, and the final equilibrium attained, increases with increase in pH value, which can be attributed to an increase in the active protein (or other amphoteric electrolyte) in the cell which can combine with the dye.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF THE ACCUMULATION OF DYE IN NITELLA ON THE BASIS OF THE ENTRANCE OF THE DYE AS UNDISSOCIATED MOLECULES

1926 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Free Base ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Undissociated Molecule

The rate of penetration of brilliant cresyl blue into the living cells of Nitella indicates that the dye enters only in the form of the undissociated molecule. At equilibrium the total concentration of the dye in the sap is proportional to the concentration of the free base in the outside solution.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Tolbutamide in Tablets

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
M Abdel-Hady Elsayed ◽  
Saied F Belal ◽  
Abdel-Fattah M Elwalily ◽  
Hassan Abdine
Keyword(s):  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Basic Dye ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Orthogonal Function ◽  
Reference Experiment ◽  
Safranin T

Abstract Two spectrophotometric methods, Glenn's method of orthogonal function and the basic dye method, are described for determining tolbutamide in tablets without interference from the tablet excipients. In Glenn's method, the absorbance of tolbutamide in 95% ethanol is measured in the vicinity of 250–270 nm at 4 nm intervals and the p2 coefficient is calculated. The coefficient is linearly related to concentration within a range of 0.1–0.4 mg/mL. Tolbutamide gives a complex of a ratio 1:1 with basic dye Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) or Safranin T (ST). The complex is easily extracted with chloroform. The absorbance of the chloroform extract is measured against either a blank or reference experiment. The latter is obtained by using a specific concentration of tolbutamide: 0.4 mg/mL in tolbutamide–BCB or 0.024 mg/mL in tolbutamide-ST. The ST complex method is more sensitive compared with the other methods. When the t-test is applied, the results of the proposed methods are more accurate than those of the traditional ultraviolet spectrophotometric method.

scholarly journals Purification and properties of an amine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas AM1 and its role in growth on methylamine

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R R Eady ◽  
P J Large
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Amine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phenazine Methosulphate

1. Whole cells of Pseudomonas AM1 grown on methylamine oxidize methylamine, formaldehyde and formate. Crude extracts oxidize methylamine only if supplemented with phenazine methosulphate. 2. By using a spectrophotometric assay, the methylamine-oxidizing enzyme has been purified 20-fold in 31% yield. 3. The enzyme is a dehydrogenase, unable to utilize oxygen, NAD, NADP, flavines or menadione as electron acceptors, but able to utilize phenazine methosulphate, ferricyanide, cytochrome c or brilliant cresyl blue. 4. The enzyme is non-specific, readily oxidizing aliphatic monoamines and diamines, histamine and ethanol-amine. Secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts and aromatic amines are not oxidized. 5. The pH optima for methylamine, n-pentylamine and putrescine are respectively 7·6, 8·0 and 8·5. 6. The Km value for methylamine is 5·2μm and that for phenazine methosulphate 56μm. 7. The enzyme will withstand heating for 15min. at 80° without loss of activity, but is inactivated at higher temperatures. It is not inactivated by any pH value between 2·6 and 10·6. 8. The dehydrogenase is inhibited by semicarbazide (Ki 3·35μm), isoniazid (Ki 1·17μm), cuprizone (Ki 0·49μm), p-chloromercuribenzoate (Ki 0·45mm) and quinacrine (Ki 12·1mm). 9. The enzyme is absent from succinate-grown cells, and, during adaptation from succinate to methylamine, activity appears before growth on methylamine begins.

scholarly journals EXIT OF DYE FROM LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA AT DIFFERENT pH VALUES

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
External Ph

Experiments on the exit of brilliant cresyl blue from the living cells of Nitella, in solutions of varying external pH values containing no dye, confirm the theory that the relation of the dye in the sap to that in the external solution depends on the fact that the dye exists in two forms, one of which (DB) can pass through the protoplasm while the other (DS) passes only slightly. DB increases (by transformation of DS to DB) with an increase in the pH value, and is soluble in substances like chloroform and benzene. DS increases with decrease in pH value and is insoluble (or nearly so) in chloroform and benzene. The rate of exit of the dye increases as the external pH value decreases. This may be explained on the ground that DB as it comes out of the cell is partly changed to DS, the amount transformed increasing as the pH value decreases. The rate of exit of the dye is increased when the pH value of the sap is increased by penetration of NH3.

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