scholarly journals EXIT OF DYE FROM LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA AT DIFFERENT pH VALUES

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
External Ph

Experiments on the exit of brilliant cresyl blue from the living cells of Nitella, in solutions of varying external pH values containing no dye, confirm the theory that the relation of the dye in the sap to that in the external solution depends on the fact that the dye exists in two forms, one of which (DB) can pass through the protoplasm while the other (DS) passes only slightly. DB increases (by transformation of DS to DB) with an increase in the pH value, and is soluble in substances like chloroform and benzene. DS increases with decrease in pH value and is insoluble (or nearly so) in chloroform and benzene. The rate of exit of the dye increases as the external pH value decreases. This may be explained on the ground that DB as it comes out of the cell is partly changed to DS, the amount transformed increasing as the pH value decreases. The rate of exit of the dye is increased when the pH value of the sap is increased by penetration of NH3.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE IN THE SAP OF LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA IN THE PRESENCE OF NH3

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

When the living cells of Nitella are placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue containing NH4Cl, the rate of accumulation of the dye in the sap is found to be lower than when the cells are placed in a solution of dye containing no NH4Cl and this may occur without any increase in the pH value of the cell sap. This decrease is found to be primarily due to the presence of NH3 in the sap and seems not to exist where NH3 is present only in the external solution at the concentration used.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION OF DYES AS INFLUENCED BY HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Active Protein ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dye Solutions

When cells of Nitella are placed in buffer solutions at pH 9, there is a very slow and gradual increase in the pH of the sap from pH 5.6 to 6.4 (when death of the cells takes place). If the living cells are placed in 0.002 per cent dye solutions of brilliant cresyl blue at different pH values (from pH 6.6 to pH 9), it is found that the rate of penetration of the dye, and the final equilibrium attained, increases with increase in pH value, which can be attributed to an increase in the active protein (or other amphoteric electrolyte) in the cell which can combine with the dye.

GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN ACIDIFIED PASTEURIZED MILK1

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 516-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Minor ◽  
E. H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Effect On Growth

The effect of gradually reducing the pH of pasteurized milk with acetic, citric, hydrochloric, lactic, and phosphoric acids over periods of 4, 8, and 12 hr on growth of Staphylococcus aureus 100 in this substrate was determined. In addition, 1: 1 mixtures of lactic acid and each of the other acids, and of acetic and citric acids were evaluated for their effect on growth of this organism. To achieve a 90% reduction in growth over a 12 hr period, a final pH value of 5.2 was required for acetic, 4.9 for lactic, 4.7 for phosphoric and citric, and 4.6 for hydrochloric acid. A 99% reduction during a 12 hr period was obtained with a final pH value of 5.0 for acetic, 4.6 for lactic, 4.5 for citric, 4.1 for phosphoric, and 4.0 for hydrochloric acid. A pH value of 3.3 was required for a 99.9% reduction with hydrochloric acid, whereas the same effect was produced at a pH value of 4.9 with acetic acid. Correspondingly lower pH values were required to inhibit growth within 8 and 4 hr periods. Mixtures of acids adjusted to pH values at the borderline for growth (12 hr period) exhibited neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects between two acids.

scholarly journals THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES

1932 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout ◽  
W. M. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Aqueous Layer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pass Through

Inasmuch as attempts to explain accumulation by the Donnan principle have failed in the case of Valonia, a hypothesis of the steady state has been formulated to explain what occurs. In order to see whether this hypothesis is in harmony with physico-chemical laws attempts have been made to imitate its chief features by means of a model. The model consists of a non-aqueous layer (representing the protoplasmic surface) placed between an alkaline aqueous phase (representing the external solution) and a more acid aqueous phase (representing the cell sap). The model reproduces most of the features of the hypothesis. Attention may be called to the following points. 1. The semipermeable surface is a continuous non-aqueous phase. 2. Potassium penetrates by combining with an acid HX in the non-aqueous layer to form KX which in turn reacts with an acid HA in the sap to form KA. Since KX is little dissociated in the non-aqueous layer potassium appears to pass through it chiefly in molecular form. 3. The internal composition depends on permeability, e.g., sodium penetrates less rapidly than potassium and in consequence potassium predominates over sodium in the "artificial sap." The order of penetration in the model is the same as in Valonia, i.e., K > Na > Ca > Mg, and Cl > SO4, but the quantitative resemblance is not close, e.g., the difference between potassium and sodium, and chloride and sulfate is much less in the model. 4. The formation of KA and NaA in the sap raises its osmotic pressure and water enters. 5. The concentration of potassium and sodium and the osmotic pressure become much greater inside than outside. For example, potassium may become 200 times as concentrated inside as outside. 6. No equilibrium occurs but a steady state is reached in which water and salt enter at the same rate so that the composition of the sap remains constant as its volume increases. 7. Since no equilibrium occurs there is a difference of thermodynamic potential between inside and outside. At the start the thermodynamic potential of KOH is much greater outside than inside. This difference gradually diminishes and in the steady state has about the same value as in Valonia. The difference in pH value between the internal and external solutions is also similar in both cases (about 2 pH units). 8. Accumulation does not depend on the presence of molecules or ions inside which are unable to pass out. One important feature of the hypothesis is not seen in the model: this is the exchange of HCO3 for Cl-. Experiments on this point are in progress.

scholarly journals CERTAIN EFFECTS OF SALTS ON THE PENETRATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE INTO NITELLA

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Basic Dye ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Buffer Mixture ◽  
Trivalent Cations

The effect of various substances on living cells may be advantageously studied by exposing them to such substances and observing their subsequent behavior in solutions of a basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue. The rate of penetration of the basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue, is decreased when cells are exposed to salts with monovalent cations before they are placed in the dye solution (made up with borate buffer mixture). This inhibiting effect is assumed to be due to the effect of the salts on the protoplasm. This effect is not readily reversible when cells are transferred to distilled water, but it is removed by salts with bivalent or trivalent cations. In some cases it disappears in dye made up with phosphate buffer mixture, or with borate buffer mixture at the pH value in which the borax predominates, and in the case of NaCl it disappears in dye containing NaCl. No inhibiting effect is seen when cells are exposed to NaCl solution containing MgCl2 before they are placed in the dye solution. The rate of penetration of dye is not decreased when cells are previously exposed to salts with bivalent and trivalent cations. The rate is slightly increased when cells are placed in the dye solution containing a salt with monovalent cation and probably with bivalent or trivalent cations. In the case of the bivalent and trivalent salts the increase is so slight that it may be negligible.

scholarly journals Changes in selected physicochemical parameters of breast muscles of geese from Polish conservation flocks depending on duration of the post slaughter period

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Okruszek ◽  
J. Książkiewicz ◽  
J. Wołoszyn ◽  
G. Haraf ◽  
A. Orkusz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Qualitative Traits ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Colour Parameters ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. In four Polish conservative flocks of Suwałki (Su), Kartuzy (Ka), Kielce (Ki) and Subcarpathian (Sb) geese, registered by FAO as domestic genetic resources the mean values of qualitative traits of breast muscles (pH15', pH30', pH45', pH24h; colour parameters: L*15', L*30', L*45', L24h, a*15', a*30', a*45', a*24h, b*15', b*30', b*45', b*24h and conductivity: EC45', EC3h, EC24h) were determined. The experimental flocks showed significant variations in the investigated parameters. The Kartuzy goose breast muscles were characterized by higher values of pH15' (6.74), pH30' (6.62), pH45' (6.56) and b*15' parameter (0.80) in comparison with the remaining flocks. Moreover, these muscles had the lowest pH24h (5.65) and values of L* parameter (L*15', L*30', L*45' and L*24h) and EC45' (3.23 mS/cm). The pH value and L* and a* parameters (except L*24h and a*24h) of the analysed flocks were decreasing, and conductivity increasing together with the time post slaughter, and the rate of changes depended on the birds’ origin. Greater differences between pH values, measured 15 min and 24 h after slaughter were stated in breast muscles from Ka (1.09) and Su (0.90) geese than from the other two flocks investigated (Ki – 0.74; Sb – 0.58). The highest increase in conductivity (from EC45' to EC24h) was affirmed in Ka and Ki muscles (3.84 mS/cm) and the lowest in breast muscles of Sb geese (2.72 mS/cm).

Study on Processing Technology of Brewer's Grains on Acid Dye Brilliant Cresyl Blue Wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 841-844
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Jiang ◽  
Xin Long Jiang ◽  
Cheng Gang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Acid Dye ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Maximal Absorption

Orthogonal experiment optimization of adsorption conditions with the factors of pH value, adsorption time, adsorbent amount of brilliant cresyl blue wastewater by brewer's grains were studied. The results showed that optimum adsorption conditions were as follows: 100 mL brilliant cresyl blue dye solution of 150 mg·L-1,adding 5.0 g·L-1brewer's grains of 60~80 mesh and adsorbed for 2.0 h,extraction temperature 30°C,pH 5.0. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal absorption rate got 95.12%.The brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for brilliant cresyl blue in wastewater.

scholarly journals A GLASS ELECTRODE APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE pH VALUES OF VERY SMALL VOLUMES OF SOLUTION

1929 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. MacInnes ◽  
Malcolm Dole
Keyword(s):  
Glass Electrode ◽  
Hydrogen Electrode ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Usual Type ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Ph Values

A glass electrode apparatus is described with which pH measurements can be made with as small volumes as 2 drops (about 0.14 cc.) of solution. Using this apparatus the change of pH of the vacuolar sap of Nitella, due to the penetration of brilliant cresyl blue, has been readily followed. The sap and the dye have been found to poison the usual type of hydrogen electrode.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF THE ACCUMULATION OF DYE IN NITELLA ON THE BASIS OF THE ENTRANCE OF THE DYE AS UNDISSOCIATED MOLECULES

1926 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Free Base ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Undissociated Molecule

The rate of penetration of brilliant cresyl blue into the living cells of Nitella indicates that the dye enters only in the form of the undissociated molecule. At equilibrium the total concentration of the dye in the sap is proportional to the concentration of the free base in the outside solution.

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