scholarly journals ACCUMULATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE IN THE SAP OF LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA IN THE PRESENCE OF NH3

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

When the living cells of Nitella are placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue containing NH4Cl, the rate of accumulation of the dye in the sap is found to be lower than when the cells are placed in a solution of dye containing no NH4Cl and this may occur without any increase in the pH value of the cell sap. This decrease is found to be primarily due to the presence of NH3 in the sap and seems not to exist where NH3 is present only in the external solution at the concentration used.

scholarly journals EXIT OF DYE FROM LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA AT DIFFERENT pH VALUES

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
External Ph

Experiments on the exit of brilliant cresyl blue from the living cells of Nitella, in solutions of varying external pH values containing no dye, confirm the theory that the relation of the dye in the sap to that in the external solution depends on the fact that the dye exists in two forms, one of which (DB) can pass through the protoplasm while the other (DS) passes only slightly. DB increases (by transformation of DS to DB) with an increase in the pH value, and is soluble in substances like chloroform and benzene. DS increases with decrease in pH value and is insoluble (or nearly so) in chloroform and benzene. The rate of exit of the dye increases as the external pH value decreases. This may be explained on the ground that DB as it comes out of the cell is partly changed to DS, the amount transformed increasing as the pH value decreases. The rate of exit of the dye is increased when the pH value of the sap is increased by penetration of NH3.

scholarly journals CERTAIN EFFECTS OF SALTS ON THE PENETRATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE INTO NITELLA

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Basic Dye ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Buffer Mixture ◽  
Trivalent Cations

The effect of various substances on living cells may be advantageously studied by exposing them to such substances and observing their subsequent behavior in solutions of a basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue. The rate of penetration of the basic dye, brilliant cresyl blue, is decreased when cells are exposed to salts with monovalent cations before they are placed in the dye solution (made up with borate buffer mixture). This inhibiting effect is assumed to be due to the effect of the salts on the protoplasm. This effect is not readily reversible when cells are transferred to distilled water, but it is removed by salts with bivalent or trivalent cations. In some cases it disappears in dye made up with phosphate buffer mixture, or with borate buffer mixture at the pH value in which the borax predominates, and in the case of NaCl it disappears in dye containing NaCl. No inhibiting effect is seen when cells are exposed to NaCl solution containing MgCl2 before they are placed in the dye solution. The rate of penetration of dye is not decreased when cells are previously exposed to salts with bivalent and trivalent cations. The rate is slightly increased when cells are placed in the dye solution containing a salt with monovalent cation and probably with bivalent or trivalent cations. In the case of the bivalent and trivalent salts the increase is so slight that it may be negligible.

Study on Processing Technology of Brewer's Grains on Acid Dye Brilliant Cresyl Blue Wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 841-844
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Jiang ◽  
Xin Long Jiang ◽  
Cheng Gang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Acid Dye ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Maximal Absorption

Orthogonal experiment optimization of adsorption conditions with the factors of pH value, adsorption time, adsorbent amount of brilliant cresyl blue wastewater by brewer's grains were studied. The results showed that optimum adsorption conditions were as follows: 100 mL brilliant cresyl blue dye solution of 150 mg·L-1,adding 5.0 g·L-1brewer's grains of 60~80 mesh and adsorbed for 2.0 h,extraction temperature 30°C,pH 5.0. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal absorption rate got 95.12%.The brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for brilliant cresyl blue in wastewater.

scholarly journals THE PENETRATION OF DYES AS INFLUENCED BY HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Active Protein ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dye Solutions

When cells of Nitella are placed in buffer solutions at pH 9, there is a very slow and gradual increase in the pH of the sap from pH 5.6 to 6.4 (when death of the cells takes place). If the living cells are placed in 0.002 per cent dye solutions of brilliant cresyl blue at different pH values (from pH 6.6 to pH 9), it is found that the rate of penetration of the dye, and the final equilibrium attained, increases with increase in pH value, which can be attributed to an increase in the active protein (or other amphoteric electrolyte) in the cell which can combine with the dye.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF THE ACCUMULATION OF DYE IN NITELLA ON THE BASIS OF THE ENTRANCE OF THE DYE AS UNDISSOCIATED MOLECULES

1926 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Free Base ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Undissociated Molecule

The rate of penetration of brilliant cresyl blue into the living cells of Nitella indicates that the dye enters only in the form of the undissociated molecule. At equilibrium the total concentration of the dye in the sap is proportional to the concentration of the free base in the outside solution.

scholarly journals ON THE ACCUMULATION OF DYE IN NITELLA

1925 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Chemical Combination

Living cells of Nitella were placed in different concentrations of brilliant cresyl blue solutions at pH 6.9. It was found that the greater the concentration of the external dye solution, the greater was the speed of accumulation of the dye in the cell sap and higher was the concentration of dye found in the sap at equilibrium. Analysis of the time curves showed that the process may be regarded as a reversible pseudounimolecular reaction. When the concentration in the sap is plotted as ordinates and the concentration in the outside solution as abscissae the curve is convex toward the abscissae. There is reason to believe that secondary changes involving injury take place as the dye accumulates and that if these changes did not occur the curve would be concave toward the abscissae. The process may be explained as a chemical combination of the dye with a constituent of the cell. This harmonizes with the fact that the temperature coefficient is high (about 4.9). Various other possible explanations are discussed.

scholarly journals THE SUPRAVITAL STAINING OF VACCINE BODIES

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund V. Cowdry
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Physiological Salt Solution ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Similar Material ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Corneal Cells ◽  
Supravital Staining

Vaccine bodies in living corneal cells may be specifically stained by the addition of a small quantity of brilliant cresyl blue 2 B to the physiological salt solution in which they are being observed. Their appearance by this method (Figs. 3 to 17) corresponds with that seen in fixed preparations (Figs. 22 to 42). Both lines of study reveal the existence of traces of similar material in unvaccinated corneal cells. As this increases in amount during the reaction, it behaves like an integral, cytoplasmic constituent of fluid consistency and shows no evidence of being endowed with any measure of independent vitality. The low grade of structural differentiation which it does exhibit, in living cells as well as in fixed tissues, is not suggestive of the presence within it of independent microorganisms. The material differs radically in its morphology and microchemical reactions from the granules observed by MacCallum and Oppenheimer in vaccine lymph.

scholarly journals Purification and properties of an amine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas AM1 and its role in growth on methylamine

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R R Eady ◽  
P J Large
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Amine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phenazine Methosulphate

1. Whole cells of Pseudomonas AM1 grown on methylamine oxidize methylamine, formaldehyde and formate. Crude extracts oxidize methylamine only if supplemented with phenazine methosulphate. 2. By using a spectrophotometric assay, the methylamine-oxidizing enzyme has been purified 20-fold in 31% yield. 3. The enzyme is a dehydrogenase, unable to utilize oxygen, NAD, NADP, flavines or menadione as electron acceptors, but able to utilize phenazine methosulphate, ferricyanide, cytochrome c or brilliant cresyl blue. 4. The enzyme is non-specific, readily oxidizing aliphatic monoamines and diamines, histamine and ethanol-amine. Secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts and aromatic amines are not oxidized. 5. The pH optima for methylamine, n-pentylamine and putrescine are respectively 7·6, 8·0 and 8·5. 6. The Km value for methylamine is 5·2μm and that for phenazine methosulphate 56μm. 7. The enzyme will withstand heating for 15min. at 80° without loss of activity, but is inactivated at higher temperatures. It is not inactivated by any pH value between 2·6 and 10·6. 8. The dehydrogenase is inhibited by semicarbazide (Ki 3·35μm), isoniazid (Ki 1·17μm), cuprizone (Ki 0·49μm), p-chloromercuribenzoate (Ki 0·45mm) and quinacrine (Ki 12·1mm). 9. The enzyme is absent from succinate-grown cells, and, during adaptation from succinate to methylamine, activity appears before growth on methylamine begins.

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