scholarly journals EFFECT OF COCAINE ON THE GROWTH OF LUPINUS ALBUS. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT PROTOPLASM

1922 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Macht ◽  
Marguerite B. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Toxicity

1. The effects of cocaine and its decomposition products were studied on the growth of the young roots of Lupinus albus. 2. The results obtained were compared with similar experiments on animal tissues. 3. It was found that, while cocaine is the most toxic of these compounds studied for animal tissues, it was of comparatively low toxicity in respect to its effect on the growth of roots. On the other hand, sodium benzoate, being practically non-toxic for animals, was the most toxic of the compounds studied for the plant roots.

Über die Umsetzung von Benzylmalonylchlorid mit verschiedenen Natriumsalzen von Carbonsäuren / The Reaction of Benzylmalonyl Chloride with Sodium Salts of Carboxylic Acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Wittmann ◽  
Helmut Rathmayr
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sodium Phenylacetate

Benzylmalonyl Chloride reacts in the presence of sodium acetate in boiling benzene to give tribenzyl-phloroglucinol-triacetate, however with sodium chloroacetate to 3,5-dibenzyl-6-phenethylpyran-2,4-dion. In both cases trimerisation of benzylketene or benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride occurs. On the other hand, benzylmalonylchloride reacts with sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate via a dimeric benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride under the loss of phosgene to yield cyclopentadienyl derivatives.

scholarly journals Determination of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Both Imported and Locally Manufactured Energy Drinks Using HPLC and Spectrophotometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012129
Author(s):  
Sirwan A. Mam Rashid ◽  
Shilan M. Abdulla ◽  
Bawan H. Najeeb ◽  
Shokhan H. Hamarashid ◽  
Omer A. Abdulla
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Actual Content ◽  
Food Legislation ◽  
Local Companies

Abstract Three groups of energy drinks have been examined for sodium benzoate and caffeine using HPLC and spectrophotometer methods. Those brands include original UK brand which coded (RE), another two brands of (RL and B) which are imported from Austria to local companies, and the rest produced locally which are coded (T, FB, S and FE). The results showed that all brands contain sodium benzoate at different concentrations. FB brand comes out on top by containing around 416mg/l which was far above the permitted level by FAO/WHO, on the other hand the RE brand contained the lowest amount of sodium benzoate when analysed using HPLC. Results of caffeine examination showed that all samples contained lower levels of caffeine as it is claimed in their label to contain 300mg/l, in contrary to sodium benzoate the lowest concentration of caffeine found in the FB brand which was 13.78mg/l and the highest level of caffeine was found in FE brand which was 208.95mg/l. From the obtained results it is clear that none of the energy drink brands declared the actual content of both caffeine and sodium benzoate which usually required by food legislation and law. Therefore, it is considered as mislabelling which is recommended that the health authorities in our country to subject the local producers and the importers to present the required information on the labels without misleading consumers. It is also recommended to educate the population and put restriction on the local shops and supermarkets not to sell energy drinks to individuals under 16 years old.

scholarly journals Studies on pigment-activating substances in animals I. The separation by paper electrophoresis of chromactivating substances in arthropods

1955 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. W. Knowles ◽  
David B. Carlisle ◽  
Marie Dupont-Raabe
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Sinus Gland ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Normal Colour

It has been established that many substances can bring about a change in position of pigments in crustacean chromatophores (Florey, 1951). The extracts of certain animal tissues (pituitary, crustacean sinus-gland and post-commissure organs, insect brain and corpora cardiaca) are especially active (Brown, 1940; Knowles, 1953; Dupont-Raabe, 1952; Thomsen, 1943); there is evidence that these tissues intervene in the normal colour change of the animals which possess them and that their products may properly be considered as hormones. On the other hand, many species which do not themselves possess chromatophores (oligochaetes, molluscs, and many insects) have nevertheless been shown to contain substances in their tissues which will, after injection into crustaceans, initiate pigment movements (Scharrer, 1954). It has not yet been ascertained whether these pigment-activating substances chemically resemble normal colour-change hormones or whether the pigment movements they produce are pharmacodynamic effects irrelevant in the study of colour physiology.

THE EFFECT OF PLANT ROOTS ON THE NEMATODE POPULATION OF THE SOIL

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Henderson ◽  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Other Hand

The number of nematodes in the rhizosphere of wheat, barley, oats, soybeans, and peas is greater than in the adjacent root-free soil. Pratylenchus sp. is present in the rhizosphere of grains in greater numbers than in the rhizosphere of legumes; Paratylenchus sp. on the other hand showed a preference for legumes. Other genera identified were more abundant in the rhizosphere than in root-free soil, but were not as numerous as Pratylenchus or Paratylenchus, nor did they show a preference for any of the plants tested. One nematode species (Tylenchorhynchus) was present in small numbers and was equally abundant in the rhizosphere and in root-free soil. The consistent distribution pattern of nematodes in the rhizosphere of wheat and of soybeans, observed at high levels of illumination (1200 foot-candles), was not maintained when the illumination was reduced to 300 ft-c or less.

Isoprene and Rubber. Part 26. Hemicolloidal Hydrorubbers

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-542
Author(s):  
H. Staudinger ◽  
E. Geiger ◽  
E. Huber ◽  
W. Schaal ◽  
A. Schwalbach
Keyword(s):  
Normal Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Colloid Particles ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ordinary Temperature ◽  
Rubber Part ◽  
Strong Dilution

Abstract The reduction of rubber without solvent takes place only at 270°, according to experiments by Fritschi. Below this temperature rubber is reduced only with difficulty and incompletely. In the dissolved eondition, on the contrary, Pummerer and Burkard showed that rubber can be reduced at ordinary temperature. In an earlier communication it was accordingly assumed that on heating a cleavage of secondary colloid particles into primary ones (into macromolecules) takes place, and that heating, therefore, has about the same effect as strong dilution. A distinction was made between primary and secondary particles, and it was assumed that the strong diminution in viscosity which is observed in dilute rubber solutions depends upon a cleavage of the secondary colloid particles, just as do the decreases in viscosity which rubber undergoes upon heating, and which have been generally described as depolymerization. These earlier ideas of ours are, however, incorrect. An extensive cracking of the rubber molecules takes place upon heating, and this was more carefully investigated by Geiger and later by Bondy. In this way reduction is facilitated. With strong dilution, on the other hand, the rubber solution passes from the gel state to the sol state, the rubber passes into normal solution, and therefore reduction can take place more easily in a dilute solution than in a concentrated one. With reduction by heat, therefore, a derivative of unchanged rubber cannot be expected; instead the hydrorubbers obtained, for example, those first prepared by Fritschi, are not reduction products of rubber itself, but are hemicolloidal decomposition products of the latter. Only by careful reduction in cold solution can one succeed in obtaining a hydrorubber in which the rubber molecules remain unchanged.

scholarly journals Reduction in Toxicity of Tectoquinone against Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe termites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Natural Condition ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Strength Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Reticulitermes Speratus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Toxicity

The cause of low toxicity against Reticulitermes speratusKolbe termite species of teakwood under natural condition was investigated. Anti-termite test was conducted to evaluate the effectivity of four major components (tectoquinone, deoxylapachol, tecomaquinone, and squalene) of ethanol-benzene extracts in the teak heartwood. Tectoquinone exhibited both strong toxicity and antifeedancy as well as it was far superior to other components. The strength reduction of tectoquinone bioactivity is assumed due to interaction with other major components. As squalene was found in considerable amounts or 1.8 to 13.1 times as high as the tectoquinone concentration in woods, termite feeding was set to the mixtures of tectoquinone and squalene in various ratios (1:1, 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20). It was revealed that squalene addition could decrease the termite mortality 15% to 44% from its initial value (tectoquinone only). On the other hand, the mixtures reduced mass loss due to termite attacks only to a small degree.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

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