scholarly journals Determination of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Both Imported and Locally Manufactured Energy Drinks Using HPLC and Spectrophotometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012129
Author(s):  
Sirwan A. Mam Rashid ◽  
Shilan M. Abdulla ◽  
Bawan H. Najeeb ◽  
Shokhan H. Hamarashid ◽  
Omer A. Abdulla
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Actual Content ◽  
Food Legislation ◽  
Local Companies

Abstract Three groups of energy drinks have been examined for sodium benzoate and caffeine using HPLC and spectrophotometer methods. Those brands include original UK brand which coded (RE), another two brands of (RL and B) which are imported from Austria to local companies, and the rest produced locally which are coded (T, FB, S and FE). The results showed that all brands contain sodium benzoate at different concentrations. FB brand comes out on top by containing around 416mg/l which was far above the permitted level by FAO/WHO, on the other hand the RE brand contained the lowest amount of sodium benzoate when analysed using HPLC. Results of caffeine examination showed that all samples contained lower levels of caffeine as it is claimed in their label to contain 300mg/l, in contrary to sodium benzoate the lowest concentration of caffeine found in the FB brand which was 13.78mg/l and the highest level of caffeine was found in FE brand which was 208.95mg/l. From the obtained results it is clear that none of the energy drink brands declared the actual content of both caffeine and sodium benzoate which usually required by food legislation and law. Therefore, it is considered as mislabelling which is recommended that the health authorities in our country to subject the local producers and the importers to present the required information on the labels without misleading consumers. It is also recommended to educate the population and put restriction on the local shops and supermarkets not to sell energy drinks to individuals under 16 years old.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF COCAINE ON THE GROWTH OF LUPINUS ALBUS. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT PROTOPLASM

1922 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Macht ◽  
Marguerite B. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Toxicity

1. The effects of cocaine and its decomposition products were studied on the growth of the young roots of Lupinus albus. 2. The results obtained were compared with similar experiments on animal tissues. 3. It was found that, while cocaine is the most toxic of these compounds studied for animal tissues, it was of comparatively low toxicity in respect to its effect on the growth of roots. On the other hand, sodium benzoate, being practically non-toxic for animals, was the most toxic of the compounds studied for the plant roots.

scholarly journals Determination of the Ratios of Ligands to Metal Ion of some Metal Complexes of Triazoles by Using Eleetronie Speetra in Organie Solvents

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Electronic Spectra ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Other Hand

We found that 4,5- diphenyl- 3(2- propynyl) thio- 1??-triazole [1? forms a complex with Pd (11) ion of ratio 1:1 which absorbs light in CH2CI2 at 400 nm, and 4,5- diphenyl- 3(2- propenyl) thio- 1,2,4- triazole [II] forms complexes with Pd (II) ion of ratio 1:1 which absorbs light at 390 nm, and of ratio 2:1 which absorbs light at 435 nm. On the other hand, we found that the new derivative 4- phenyl- 5( p- amino phenyl) -3- mercapto- 1,2,4- triazole ?111? forms complexes with Cu (II) ion of the ratio 1:1 which absorbs light at 380 nm, with Ni (II) ion of the ratio 3:1 which absorbs light at 358 nm; and with Co (11) ion of the ratio 3.2:1 which absorbs light at 588 nm. The ratio of the complexes were determined by measuring the electronic spectra of the complexes in CH2G2 and (CH^NCHO at different concentrations ofthe ligands and f?xed ' •' of the metal ion in every case, then applying the molar ratio plots on the data. Our results were confirmed by precipitating most ofthe above complexes in solid state, and then each complex was analyzed elementally.

scholarly journals Resin canals in spruce (Picea abis /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Petr Horáček
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Resin Canals

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

scholarly journals Determination of Caffeine and Taurine Contents in Energy Drinks by HPLC-UV

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Rai ◽  
Hasta Bahadur Rai ◽  
Santosh Dahal ◽  
Saroj Chaudhary ◽  
Suraj Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Caffeine Content

Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverage intended to enhance the psycho-physiological responses in human, which is especially popular among young generation in Nepal. It is normally high caffeinated drink added with other ingredients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, B-group of vitamins etc. In this study, 10 brands of energy drink available in Nepalese markets were taken then analyzed for quantitative determination of Caffeine and Taurine by HPLC-UV method. From the result obtained, pH and TSS values of energy drinks were found in the range of 2.96-3.81 and 6.64-18.21 respectively. Likewise, the Caffeine and Taurine content in same samples were found in the range of not detected (ND) to 35.78 mg/100 ml and ND to 387.5 mg/100 ml respectively. Only the 6 samples out of 10 were confi rmed caffeine content as per claimed in label, while only 3 samples were confi rmed for Taurine content as per label claimed. Based on this pilot study, the majority of samples did not meet the label claims in term of Caffeine and Taurine, which apparently indicated the misbranding of such drinks. Since, there is no any regulation for such energy drinks in Nepal, it seems to be a great challenge for regulation of their safety and misbranding.

Kvalitet pitanja u TV školi u nastavi prirode i društva

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lukić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
School Year ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cognitive Levels ◽  
The Way

The aim of this paperis to determine the quality of TV classes World around us and Nature and Social Science,which were broadcasted on Radio Television of Serbia during the pandemic in the school year 2019/20. Although the work was indirect, so the immediate interaction between the teacher and student is missed. Therefore, teacher's questions were the way of establishing some kind of interaction in such classes organized in this manner. For this reason, we wanted to establish the types of questions that teachers were asking to students through small screens. Considering that the achievements of learning are based on Bloom's Taxonomy, we were analyzing sixteen TV classes and classified the questions the teachers asked according to cognitive area, on six educational levels. The results indicate that the most common were question within lower cognitive levels were (knowledge, understanding and application), and that there are no statistically significant differences in cognitive levels on questions asked between lower (1st and 2nd grade) and higher grades (3rd and 4th grade), on the other hand, on the classes of determination of educational content teachers were asking statistically significant quality questions compared to the classes of interpretation.

scholarly journals Markov chains and the determination of fair premiums

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Vajda
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Markov Chains ◽  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pure Mathematics ◽  
The University

The relationships between actuarial and pure mathematics are curious. Actuaries have contributed to the development of mathematical theory: it is sufficient to mention, as examples, Fredholm of an earlier, and Cramér of a more recent generation. Scandinavian mathematicians, in particular, have been concerned with a very special type of stochastic process, reflected in the collective theory of risk, and the work of Philipson, Ammeter and others in this field is well known to readers of this Bulletin. However, the main stream of the theory of stochastic processes has little contact with actuarial applications.On the other hand, many actuaries have studied and assimilated pure mathematics and have thrown light on actuarial matters by describing their own preoccupations in the terminology of modern, often abstract, mathematics. E. Franckx is one of their number.The Instituto di Matematica Finanziaria of the University of Trieste (Faculty of Economics and Commerce) has published a booklet entitledEssai d'une théorie opérationnelle des risques Markoviens which contains three lectures delivered by Professor Franckx in Trieste and a contribution which he presented to the 17th Congress of Actuaries, held in London in 1964.

Dermatoglyphics in Twins

1973 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloisa F. Peña ◽  
F.M. Salzano ◽  
Sidia M. Callegari
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ridge Count ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Qualitative Traits ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Adult Twins

SummaryThe degree of genetic determination of 4 digital and 16 palmar characteristics was investigated in an unselected series of 49 MZ and 51 DZ adult twins. Low indications of heritability were obtained for the qualitative traits, but 6 of the 8 h2 estimates calculated for the quantitative measurements gave values above 0.70. In general, the results reported here are in agreement with those presented by other authors; however, the correlation coefficients observed for the A′d ridge count were lower than those of two other series. All palmar ridge counts seemed to be intercorrelated in a given individual; other expected relationships, however, were not observed. The fingerprints of MZ and DZ twins on the other hand, showed an unexplained difference.

scholarly journals The effect of bread-making process on contents of key trichothecene mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 570-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dropa ◽  
J. Hajšlová ◽  
K. Lancová ◽  
I. Burešová
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Toxin Concentration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Wheat Flours

The fate of trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins during the bread preparation and baking was investigated in order to obtain information about the influence of processing conditions on the levels of these toxins in final products. Highly artificially contaminated wheat was used to obtain flours with three contamination levels (DON 1615–398, T-2 toxin 927–160, and HT-2 toxin 258–38 μg/kg). Method for Test Baking of Wheat Flours (ICC Standard No.131) was used within the experiments for bread sample preparation. Various combinations of dough fermentation, proofing and baking times were used to prepare test breads. For determination of toxin levels in all tested matrices, HPLC–MS/MS method was employed. No substantial effect on DON levels was observed as a result of various conditions used for bread preparation and baking; maximum DON decrease 10%, compared to contaminated flour. On the other hand, significant changes in T-2/HT-2 toxin contents were found in experimental bread compared to contaminated flour; reduction of T-2 toxin concentration (30–50%) and increase of HT-2 toxin concentration (10–70%), respectively.  

Development of a Family Vocational Guidance Potential as a Core Prerequisite to Successful Professional Self-Determination of Teenagers

10.12737/3080 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Зеленкина ◽  
Tatyana Zelenkina
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Vocational Guidance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Vocational Choice ◽  
Pilot Testing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Professional Self

Optimized way to nurture parents’ readiness to guide vocational choice of their teenaged children is considered as a consistent element of vocational guidance potential and is scientifically proved. What makes the paper theoretically important, is the fact that the author clarifies the meaning for quite new concepts, as «family vocational guidance potential», «parents’ helpfulness», «successful vocational choice». Families are classified in terms of vocational guidance potential; several limitations in vocational choices of children in each category of families are outlined and illustrated by pictures and tables. Given the accented challenge of insufficient parents’ integration in vocational choices, made by their children, the idea of pilot testing described here, has been to use capabilities of additional professional education establishments to better preparing parents to the mission of facilitating the vocational choices of their children. As a result of parents-children cooperation, the parents are better prepared and eager to help their children in professional self-determination on one hand, while teenagers make more thoughtful vocational choices, on the other hand. Significant results and conclusions are provided, to prove reliability of researching hypothesis, put forward by the author.

Making the Concept of Old Industrial Buildings in Terms of Sustainability in Architecture

2014 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
pp. 210-213
Author(s):  
Ján Ilkovič ◽  
Ľubica Ilkovičová
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Alternative Procedures

Industry since its origin gradually takes typical characteristics which interfere into the economics of a country, it has a specific localisation and its own identity. Nowadays a problematic old industry on one hand creates a potential of lucrative areas in the cities and on the other hand it is itself a carrier of culture and historic values. That is why it is necessary so that the values which it represents are presented to the wide public and not only to a relatively narrow circle of specialists. From the nowadays view, industrial has got a new dimension of equivalence with architectonic sights of modern. The content of article is aimed at methodology of concept creation of changing the objects from potentials of usage of objects, level of adaptability of construction and innovation of original details to determination of alternative procedures.

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