scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF AIR IONS ON THE LIVING MAMMALIAN TRACHEA

1958 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert P. Krueger ◽  
Richard F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall

Studies on the effects of air ions on the functional efficiency of the extirpated tracheal strip have been extended to the trachea of the living rabbit, rat, and mouse. Animals exposed to high mobility (+) air ions administered via a tracheotomy aperture displayed: (a) Decreased ciliary activity. (b) Decline in mucus flow rate, sometimes reversed by prolonged exposure to (+) ions; a frequent drop in the volume of mucous secretion. (c) Contraction of the membranous posterior tracheal wall. (d) Increased vulnerability to trauma of cilia and mucosal blood vessels. Similar treatment with (-) air ions reversed (+) ion effects on ciliary activity, mucus flow, contraction of the tracheal smooth muscle. Continued (-) ion treatment raised the ciliary rate (invariably) and the mucus flow rate (often) above their initial levels. (+) Air ions administered to unoperated resting mice and rats increased the respiratory rate; (-) ions reversed this effect. Long exposure of unoperated ambulatory mice to (+) air ions produced: (a) Decreased ciliary activity. (b) No clear cut effect on mucus flow. (c) Contraction of the posterior tracheal wall. (d) Increased vulnerability of the mucosa to trauma. (-) Air ions increased ciliary activity but had no clear-cut effect on the mucus flow rate.

scholarly journals The Biological Mechanisms of Air Ion Action

1960 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert P. Krueger ◽  
Richard F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Enzymatic Oxidation ◽  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Tracheal Mucosa ◽  
Ion Effects ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall

Intravenous administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine to rabbits and guinea pigs is shown to bring about changes very similar to those produced by (+) air ions, including (1) decreased ciliary rate, (2) contraction of the posterior tracheal wall, (3) exaggerated response of the tracheal mucosa to trauma, (4) marked vasoconstriction in the tracheal wall, and (5) increased respiratory rate. These effects are reversed by (-) air ions. Iproniazid, which raises 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the animal by blocking monamine oxidase, produces similar but non-reversible effects. Reserpine, which depletes 5-hydroxytryptamine in the animal, causes changes that resemble those produced by (-) air ions, including (1) increased ciliary rate, (2) relaxed posterior sulcus, (3) hyperemia of the tracheal mucosa, (4) lowered respiratory rate, and (5) increased volume and rate of mucus flow. On the basis of these facts, the hypothesis is advanced that (+) air ion effects are mediated by the release of free 5-hydroxytryptamine, while (-) air ion effects depend on the ability of (-) ions to accelerate the enzymatic oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptamine.

scholarly journals PARAMETERS OF GASEOUS ION EFFECTS ON THE MAMMALIAN TRACHEA

1959 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert P. Krueger ◽  
Richard F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Tracheal Mucosa ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ion Effects ◽  
Arbitrary Period

A. Duration of Effects Groups of mice exposed to high densities of unipolar light air ions for 72 hours exhibited persistent alterations in the functional efficiency of their tracheas. These effects lasted at least 4 weeks, and in the case of animals treated with (+) ions included diminished ciliary activity, pale and contracted tracheal mucosa, and enhanced vulnerability to trauma. Following treatment with (-) ions, animals displayed increased ciliary activity with no other detectable changes. It required at least 60 minutes of exposure to ions to induce such "permanent" functional changes. B. Minimal Effective Ion Densities The minimal ion densities producing changes in ciliary activity within an arbitrary period of 30 minutes were determined with extirpated tracheal strips from rabbits and guinea pigs. The threshold value for (-) ions was approximately 2.5 x 103 ions/cm.2/sec. and that for (+) ions was in the range between 1 x 104 and 2.5 x 105 ions/cm.2. The minimal ion densities producing changes in ciliary activity within an arbitrary period of 30 minutes were determined with extirpated tracheal strips from rabbits and guinea pigs. The threshold value for (-) ions was approximately 2.5 x 103 ions/cm.2/sec. and that for (+) ions was in the range between 1 x 104 and 2.5 x 105 ions/cm.2. The evidence indicates that ion-induced functional changes in the ciliated epithelium of the pulmonary tree are the results of direct contact of ions with surface cells and do not involve participation of the central nervous system or circulation. So far as ciliary activity is concerned, the number of ions required to produce a change in rate is very small.

Perforation of the Posterior Tracheal Wall during Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheotomy

ORL ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Dost ◽  
Norbert Thürauf ◽  
Wolf Armbruster ◽  
Beate Schoch ◽  
Martin Zülke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheotomy ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall

scholarly journals Preventing Posterior Tracheal Wall Perforation in Percutaneous Dilational Tracheotomy

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 546-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. Hamilton ◽  
Sofia Avitia ◽  
Ryan F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Wall Perforation ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall

scholarly journals Cricothyroidotomy needle length is associated with posterior tracheal wall injury

Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. e19331
Author(s):  
Atsuko Katayama ◽  
Kunitaro Watanabe ◽  
Joho Tokumine ◽  
Alan Kawarai Lefor ◽  
Harumasa Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Wall Injury ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall

A New Technique for Percutaneous Tracheotomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregori Margolin ◽  
Johan Ullman ◽  
Jonas Karling
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Puncture Site ◽  
Percutaneous Tracheotomy ◽  
Exact Localization ◽  
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheotomy ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Posterior Tracheal Wall ◽  
Tracheal Puncture

The objective of this study was to investigate a new technique for tracheal puncture during percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy (PDT). A new invention, known as SafeTrach, was used: this instrument allows exact localization of the puncture site with built-in protection of the posterior tracheal wall. Surgery was performed on 17 patients with this technique, and our experience is described in this report. The results showed that this new technique minimizes known risk factors compared with existing PDT techniques, including patients with disadvantageous anatomy.

Modification of excitation–contraction coupling in cat ventricular myocardium following endocardial damage

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Bourreau ◽  
Hamid S. Banijamali ◽  
Cyril E. Challice
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Twitch Force ◽  
Resting Tension ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Endocardial Endothelium

Damage to endocardial endothelium (denudation of the superficial tissue) by brief exposure to a 100-μL bolus of detergent (Triton X-100, 1% by volume stock) decreased the twitch force of papillary muscle (and trabeculae) by ~ 30% to a new but steady level without changes in resting tension. The decline in twitch force was evident immediately after the addition of Triton. Modification of the action potential measured from the contracting tissue appeared only later, when the change in contraction was already well established (i.e., after ~ 2 min). Action potential shortened in duration at 50% repolarization by ~ 100 ms and increased in plateau amplitude, although the latter increase was not always observed. A similar treatment procedure applied to strips of ventricular wall with the endocardium exposed to the superfusion solution resulted in a substantial decrease in action potential duration (~ 110 ms). In contrast, treatment of strips of epicardial layers of ventricular walls (with epicardial side facing the superfusion solution) did not produce a similar result. In β-stimulated (1 μM isoproterenol) and partially depolarized preparations (with 20 mM KCl), with intact endocardium, electrically evoked contractions were followed by aftercontractions, which were suppressed following Triton treatment. Action potentials in a depolarizing medium also shortened in duration (~ 50 ms), although following a delay (2–3 min). The decay to steady state of postextrasystolic potentiated beat was slower after endocardial damage than under control conditions. This suggested an increased Ca2+ recirculation through the sarcoplasmic reticulum between two consecutive beats (35% before Triton vs. 45% after Triton). Finally, in a medium containing 3 μM ryanodine, Triton treatment of the endocardial endothelium failed to induce any effect on either twitch force or action potential. Prolonged exposure to Triton X-100 (by a slow flow or high concentration) induced only deteriorating effects leading to substantial rise in the resting tension and generation of contractures and abbreviated action potentials with depressed plateau. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a modification in the sarcoplasmic reticulum function may, at least in part, be responsible for the observed changes in contractile function of the myocardium following endocardial damage with Triton treatment.Key words: endocardial endothelium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, ventricle, myocardial contraction.

Epitaxial Growth of 2 inch 3C-SiC on Si Substrates by Atmospheric Hot Wall CVD

2004 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiliang Zhu ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yusuke Mukai ◽  
Akira Shoji ◽  
Taro Nishiguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Optical Pyrometer ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Uniform Thickness ◽  
Si Substrates

AbstractAs a high mobility, wide bandgap semiconductor, 3C-SiC has great promise. In this paper, we examined to obtain 3C-SiC epilayer on Si substrates using hot-wall CVD furnace and report the use of hexamethyledisilane (HMDS) and propane as reaction gases to grow uniform thickness on 2 inch (100), (111), (110) and (211) orientation of Si substrates. A horizontal atmospheric pressure CVD reactor was used. A reaction zone was specially designed. To obtain uniform thickness of the epilayer, inside of the suscceptor hole was intentionally tapered along flow direction as follows; inlet of the square hole is 13 mm × 60 mm and outlet of the hole is 7 mm × 60 mm, and laminar channel for changing the gas flow profile was managed. The susceptor was surrounded by graphite foam. Temperature of the suscepotor was measured at inside wall of the susceptor by optical pyrometer. H2 flow rate for etching was 3 slm. An initial carbonization procedure was performed using 0.9 sccm propane at 1250 oC for 2-3 minutes. During the growth of SiC at 1300 °C, the flow rate of HMDS was 0.75-1.2 sccm and the flow rate of propane was 0.1 – 0.5 sccm. The hydrogen carrier gas flow rate was 3-10 slm. Typical growth rate was 4.5 micron /h. Uniform thick 3C-SiC was obtained. The samples were examined using ultra violet light spectrometer and RHEED.

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