The Brain as an Endocrine Organ. Endocrinology and Metabolism: Progress in Research and Clinical Practice, Volume 3. Margo Panush Cohen , Piero P. Foa

Research and practice in psychiatry and clinical psychology have been guided by differing schools of thought over the years. Recently, the network theory of psychopathology has arisen as a framework for thinking about mental health. Network theory challenges three assumptions common in the field: (1) psychological problems are caused by disease entities that exist independently of their signs and symptoms, (2) classification and diagnosis of psychological problems should follow a medical model, and (3) psychological problems are caused by diseases or aberrations in the brain. Conversely, it embraces many other assumptions that are already well accepted in clinical practice (e.g., the interaction of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, as posited in cognitive-behavioral therapies) and integrates those assumptions into a coherent framework for research and practice. We review developments in the network theory with a focus on anxiety-related conditions, discuss future areas for change, and outline implications of the theory for both research and clinical practice.

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EEG and Sonic Platforms to Enhance Mindfulness Meditation

Journal of Arts and Humanities ◽

10.18533/journal.v5i9.1012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Caitilin De Berigny ◽

Freya Zinovieff ◽

Karen Cochrane ◽

Youngdong Kim ◽

Zhepeng Rui

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Mindfulness Meditation ◽

Interactive Design ◽

Historical Background ◽

Technology Research ◽

Interactive Installation ◽

Interactive Applications ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽

The Brain

<p>This paper explores interactive applications that encourage mindfulness through sensors and novel input technology. Research in psychology and neuroscience demonstrating the benefits of mindfulness is initiating a new movement in interactive design. As cutting edge technologies become more accessible they are being employed to research and explore the practice of mindfulness. We examine three interactive installation artworks that promote mindfulness. In order to contextualize the interactive artworks discussed we first examine the historical background of the Electroencephalogram (EEG). We then discuss the physiological processes of meditation and the history behind the clinical practice of mindfulness. We show how artists and designers employ EEG sensors, to record the electrical activity of the brain to visualize mindfulness meditation practices. Lastly, we conclude the paper by discussing the future of the three artworks.</p>

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Fundamentals of Neurobiology

Clinical Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1093/med/9780199995486.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 17-28

Author(s):

S. Nassir Ghaemi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Mental Health Professionals ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Hepatic Metabolism ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Manic Depressive ◽

Psychiatric Conditions ◽

Clinical Pictures ◽

The Brain

This chapter examines the basic pharmacology of psychotropic drugs. Besides knowing what drugs do to certain chemicals or proteins in the brain, it is important to know where drugs affect those chemicals or proteins. There is some basic knowledge about neuroanatomy that is relevant to the clinical practice of psychopharmacology. It is accepted that neurobiology is an important factor in the etiology and pathophysiology of major psychiatric conditions—like schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease, as well as in other psychiatric clinical pictures. The general summary usually provided is that neurobiology represents a diathesis to psychiatric conditions, which is supplemented by environmental stress to produce observed clinical pictures. This mixture of genetics and environment is oversimplified in the minds of most mental health professionals. In fact, the mix depends on the illness. The biochemical neuroanatomy of the monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in the brain are discussed. Pharmacokinetic aspects of psychopharmacology are reviewed, including hepatic metabolism, drug half-lives, dosing, and tolerance and sensitization.

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Developmental disorders of the brain

Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746706.003.0084 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 971-982

Author(s):

Colin Ferrie ◽

Daniel Warren ◽

Atul Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Corpus Callosum ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Brain Malformations ◽

Genetic Abnormalities ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Posterior Fossa Malformations ◽

And Migration ◽

The Brain

Prenatal and postnatal development of the brain is controlled by a multiplicity of genetic mechanisms. Genetic abnormalities and environmental insults are responsible for a bewildering array of developmental disorders associated with brain malformations. Classic embryology remains key to understanding these, and an appreciation of the processes of gastrulation, dorsal and ventral induction, neuronal differentiation, proliferation, histogenesis, and migration and myelination will help the neurosurgeon understand the conditions likely to be encountered in clinical practice. In this chapter the more common and many less common brain malformations are reviewed. These include anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, septo-optic dysplasia, schizencephaly, grey matter heterotopias, lissencephaly/pachygyria, polymicrogyria, porencephaly, developmental anomalies of the corpus callosum, microcephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and posterior fossa malformations. The emphasis is on promoting an understanding of concepts and on clinical implications, rather than on imparting detail.

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The Great Debate at ‘Immunotherapy Bridge’, Naples, December 5, 2019

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-000921 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e000921

Author(s):

Paolo A Ascierto ◽

Carlo Bifulco ◽

Jerome Galon ◽

Claus Garbe ◽

Samir N Khleif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Chimeric Antigen Receptor ◽

Cellular Cytotoxicity ◽

Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity ◽

T Cell Therapy ◽

Great Debate ◽

The Brain

As part of the 2019 Immunotherapy Bridge congress (December 4–5, Naples, Italy), the Great Debate session featured counterpoint views from leading experts on six topical issues in immunotherapy today. These were the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in solid tumors, whether the Immunoscore should be more widely used in clinical practice, whether antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is important in the mode of action of anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibodies, whether the brain is immunologically unique or just another organ, the role of microbiome versus nutrition in affecting responses to immunotherapy, and whether chemotherapy is immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive. Discussion of these important topics are summarized in this report.

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Deep Learning Based Syndrome Diagnosis of Chronic Gastritis

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/938350 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Guo-Ping Liu ◽

Jian-Jun Yan ◽

Yi-Qin Wang ◽

Wu Zheng ◽

Tao Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Chronic Gastritis ◽

Diagnostic Model ◽

Nonlinear Relationship ◽

Cognitive Perspective ◽

Multilabel Learning ◽

Diagnostic Models ◽

Syndrome Diagnosis ◽

The Brain

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), most of the algorithms used to solve problems of syndrome diagnosis are superficial structure algorithms and not considering the cognitive perspective from the brain. However, in clinical practice, there is complex and nonlinear relationship between symptoms (signs) and syndrome. So we employed deep leaning and multilabel learning to construct the syndrome diagnostic model for chronic gastritis (CG) in TCM. The results showed that deep learning could improve the accuracy of syndrome recognition. Moreover, the studies will provide a reference for constructing syndrome diagnostic models and guide clinical practice.

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Brain injury biomarkers in the critically ill

10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0300 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick M. Kochanek ◽

Rachel P. Berger

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Trajectory Analysis ◽

Neurocritical Care ◽

Secondary Injury ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Protein Biomarkers ◽

Novel Approaches ◽

The Brain

A variety of biomarkers of brain injury are being developed in neurocritical care to study secondary injury pathways or aid in diagnostic, prognostic, and/or theragnostic applications. This chapter focuses largely on brain injury biomarkers that can be detected in serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with acute critical brain injury of various causes. Much of the work has been carried using biomarkers of proteins that are relatively unique to the brain, and that reflect damage to important cellular constituents such as neurons, astroycytes, or axons. Novel approaches that employ a panel of markers or novel analytic methods such as trajectory analysis may optimize the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice. We anticipate that there will soon be one or more protein biomarkers of brain injury available for clinical use.

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Language and language disorders: neuroscience to clinical practice

Practical Neurology ◽

10.1136/practneurol-2018-001961 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 380-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael O'Sullivan ◽

Sonia Brownsett ◽

David Copland

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Language Disorders ◽

Approaches To Study ◽

The Brain

Language disorders are common in neurological practice but their accurate recognition and description can be challenging. In this review, we summarise the major landmarks in the understanding of language disorders and the organisation of language in the brain. We describe approaches to assessing language disorders at the bedside or in the clinic as well as the treatment and rehabilitation of aphasia. Finally, we describe how the field of neuroscience is providing new computational and neuroscientific approaches to study the mechanisms of recovery and rehabilitation of aphasia.

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