Effects of a Single Large Dose of Vitamin A, Given during the Postpartum Period to HIV‐Positive Women and Their Infants, on Child HIV Infection, HIV‐Free Survival, and Mortality

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (6) ◽  
pp. 860-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean H. Humphrey ◽  
Peter J. Iliff ◽  
Edmore T. Marinda ◽  
Kuda Mutasa ◽  
Lawrence H. Moulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Single Large Dose

scholarly journals Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a comparison of HIV-positive and -negative women

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack D Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Vaginal Colonization ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Antimycotic Drug ◽  
Widespread Dissemination ◽  
Hiv Negative

Although considerable information has accumulated in the last decade regarding rates of both vaginal colonization and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-positive women, gaps in our knowledge remain, particularly with regard to pathophysiology of clinical disease. Unfortunately, early and possibly premature conclusions were reached in the late 1980s which resulted in the widespread dissemination of information indicating that recurrent VVC (RVVC) was a manifestation of HIV infection and that women with RVVC should be tested for HIV. Unfortunately, subsequent data from cohort studies involving HIV-positive women failed to determine attack rates of symptomatic Candida vaginitis requiring therapy. Recent studies indicate that Candida vaginitis, even if more frequent in HIV infected women, is clinically similar to that experienced in HIV-negative women and does not appear to be of increased clinical severity. VVC in HIV-positive women can be treated by conventional methods including the use of maintenance suppressive antifungal therapy and most importantly RVVC in women is not in itself a sentinel of HIV infection. Ongoing concerns include vaginal acquisition of non- albicans Candida species and the development of antimycotic drug resistance in C. albicans vaginal isolates.

Global line-1 hypomethylation as novel biomarker for cervical cancer in Nigerian women living with HIV.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17513-e17513
Author(s):  
Yinan Zheng ◽  
Jonah Musa ◽  
Brian Thomas Joyce ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Demirkan Gursel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

e17513 Background: Nigeria faces a high health burden of cervical cancer (CC), which is worsened by high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Repetitive elements (RE) are DNA sequences that occur in multiple copies throughout the human genome. HIV infection can lead to RE hypomethylation that causes genome instability, an event often seen in the early phase of tumorigenesis. We aim to examine global RE hypomethylation as a novel epigenetic biomarker for CC among HIV-positive women in Nigeria. Methods: This study involved three groups of women: a) HIV-positive with CC (n=39); b) HIV-positive and cancer-free (n=52); and c) HIV-negative with CC (n=23). We estimated three types of global RE methylation in cervical tissue using genome-wide methylation data: long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1), Alu, and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV). We used multiple linear regression adjusting for age, education, parity, employment, cancer stage, body mass index, and sample batch to compare the biomarkers across the HIV/ICC groups and paired t-test to compare 26 pairs of tumor vs. surrounding normal tissues, stratified by HIV status. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the ROC (AUC) were used to examine the diagnostic value. Results: Among HIV-positive women, all 3 global RE methylation biomarkers were hypomethylated in CC compared to cancer-free (LINE-1: mean difference [MD]=-0.049, p-value=2.9e-8; Alu: MD=-0.011, p-value=2.0e-4; HERV: MD=-0.013, p-value=1.7e-6). Paired analyses showed a larger, more significant MD in HIV-positive stratum than HIV-negative, especially LINE-1 (MD=-0.048 vs. -0.020, p-value=0.004 vs. 0.254). LINE-1 achieved the highest AUC (0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.95) in distinguishing tumor tissue from normal tissue among HIV-positive women, followed by HERV (0.82, 95% CI: 0.73-0.92) and Alu (0.60, 95% CI: 0.47-0.72). Conclusions: Global LINE-1 hypomethylation may serve as a novel biomarker for CC screening and early detection for women living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-SpecificIn VivoHIV-Inhibitory Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (21) ◽  
pp. 10868-10878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Wahl ◽  
Caroline Baker ◽  
Rae Ann Spagnuolo ◽  
Lisa W. Stamper ◽  
Genevieve G. Fouda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Hiv Positive Mothers

ABSTRACTDespite the nutritional and health benefits of breast milk, breast milk can serve as a vector for mother-to-child HIV transmission. Most HIV-infected infants acquire HIV through breastfeeding. Paradoxically, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not become infected. This is potentially attributed to anti-HIV factors in breast milk. Breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. However, the HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk from HIV-positive mothers has not been evaluated. In addition, while significant differences in breast milk composition between transmitting and nontransmitting HIV-positive mothers have been correlated with transmission risk, the HIV-inhibitory activity of their breast milk has not been compared. This knowledge may significantly impact the design of prevention approaches in resource-limited settings that do not deny infants of HIV-positive women the health benefits of breast milk. Here, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus humanized mice to evaluate thein vivoHIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk obtained from HIV-positive transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. We also assessed the species specificity and biochemical characteristics of milk'sin vivoHIV-inhibitory activity and its ability to inhibit other modes of HIV infection. Our results demonstrate that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers has potent HIV-inhibitory activity and indicate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of infection. Most importantly, this activity is unique to human milk. Our results also suggest multiple factors in breast milk may contribute to its HIV-inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results support current recommendations that HIV-positive mothers in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with antiretroviral therapy.IMPORTANCEApproximately 240,000 children become infected with HIV annually, the majority via breastfeeding. Despite daily exposure to virus in breast milk, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not acquire HIV. The low risk of breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission is likely due to antiviral factors in breast milk. It is well documented that breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers (nontransmitters and transmitters) inhibits HIV transmission. We also demonstrate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of HIV acquisition and that this activity is unique to human milk. Collectively, our results support current guidelines which recommend that HIV-positive women in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with infant or maternal antiretroviral therapy.

scholarly journals Menopause Symptom Experience and Perceived Well-Being Among HIV Positive and Negative Older Women in Ibadan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 227-227
Author(s):  
Olubukola Omobowale ◽  
Olubukola Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Menopausal Symptoms ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Symptom Experience ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Menopause Symptom ◽  
Hiv Negative ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Abstract Globally, people are living longer with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and older individuals are becoming infected. Menopause symptoms affect women’s health and are associated with perceived declines in wellbeing. This study assessed and compared the menopause symptom experience and perceived wellbeing among HIV positive and negative older women in Ibadan Nigeria Focus group discussions were conducted among menopausal women attending the ARV and GOP clinics at the University College Hospital Ibadan. Opinions of discussants on knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms, perceptions about the menopause and perceived health status were explored. A total of 90 HIV positive and 92 HIV negative women aged between 40 to 60 years were sampled. Knowledge of the cause of menopause was poor, with more HIV positive women opining that sexual promiscuity causes menopause. The majority of the discussants had adequate knowledge of menopausal symptoms with most of them reporting vasomotor and musculoskeletal symptoms. In both groups, perceptions about the menopause were generally positive as most of them opined that the menopause means freedom from sexual activity and child birth. More HIV negative women perceived themselves to be in good health compared to HIV positive women. Menopause induces many of the same metabolic changes that are being observed with HIV infection, and this may affect the health and quality of life of aging women with HIV infection. There’s a need for health education and health promoting interventions that will help these women in coping with the double burden of HIV infection and menopause.

scholarly journals 24-month HIV-free survival among infants born to HIV-positive women enrolled in Option B+ program in Kigali, Rwanda

Medicine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (51) ◽  
pp. e9445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Gill ◽  
Heather J. Hoffman ◽  
Dieudonne Ndatimana ◽  
Placidie Mugwaneza ◽  
Laura Guay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Hiv Positive Women

Boundaries of confidentiality in nursing care for mother and child in HIV programmes

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 576-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodil Bø Våga ◽  
Karen Marie Moland ◽  
Astrid Blystad
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
The Third Party

Background: Confidentiality lies at the core of medical ethics and is the cornerstone for developing and keeping a trusting relationship between nurses and patients. In the wake of the HIV epidemic, there has been a heightened focus on confidentiality in healthcare contexts. Nurses’ follow-up of HIV-positive women and their susceptible HIV-exposed children has proved to be challenging in this regard, but the ethical dilemmas concerning confidentiality that emerge in the process of ensuring HIV-free survival of the third party – the child – have attracted limited attention. Objective: The study explores challenges of confidentiality linked to a third party in nurse–patient relationships in a rural Tanzanian HIV/AIDS context. Study context: The study was carried out in rural and semi-urban settings of Tanzania where the population is largely agro-pastoral, the formal educational level is low and poverty is rife. The HIV prevalence of 1.5% is low compared to the national prevalence of 5.1%. Methods: Data were collected during 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork and consisted of participant observation in clinical settings and during home visits combined with in-depth interviews. The main categories of informants were nurses employed in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programmes and HIV-positive women enrolled in these programmes. Ethical considerations: Based on information about the study aims, all informants consented to participate. Ethical approval was granted by ethics review boards in Tanzania and Norway. Findings and discussion: The material indicates a delicate balance between the nurses’ attempt to secure the HIV-free survival of the babies and the mothers’ desire to preserve confidentiality. Profound confidentiality-related dilemmas emerged in actual practice, and indications of a lack of thorough consideration of the implication of a patient’s restricted disclosure came to light during follow-up of the HIV-positive women and the third party – the child who is at risk of HIV infection through mother’s milk. World Health Organization’s substantial focus on infant survival (Millennium Development Goal-4) and the strong calls for disclosure among the HIV-positive are reflected on in the discussion.

scholarly journals Effect of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Treatment on Pregnancy Rates in the Western Cape Province of South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (12) ◽  
pp. 1953-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh F Johnson ◽  
Themba Mutemaringa ◽  
Alexa Heekes ◽  
Andrew Boulle
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background Previous studies suggest that untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a reduced incidence of pregnancy, but studies of the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on pregnancy incidence have been inconsistent. Methods Routine data from health services in the Western Cape province of South Africa were linked to identify pregnancies during 2007–2017 and maternal HIV records. The time from the first (index) pregnancy outcome date to the next pregnancy was modeled using Cox proportional hazards models. Results During 2007–2017, 1 042 647 pregnancies were recorded. In all age groups, pregnancy incidence rates were highest in women who had started ART, lower in HIV-negative women, and lowest in ART-naive HIV-positive women. In multivariable analysis, after controlling for the most recent CD4+ T-cell count, pregnancy incidence rates in HIV-positive women receiving ART were higher than those in untreated HIV-positive women (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.59–1.67) and those in HIV-negative women. Conclusion Among women who have recently been pregnant, receipt of ART is associated with high rates of second pregnancy. Better integration of family planning into HIV care services is needed.

scholarly journals CHALLENGES IN THE LIVES OF HIV POSITIVE WOMEN

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Dr. Madhurima ◽  
Dr. Dilraj Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has gained impetus during the last one and the half decade, expending to all regions of the world and remains to be major global challenge. Recent research has indicated that HIV infection is moving from high-risk populations into the general population. Married, monogamous, heterosexual women belonging to lower strata are highly vulnerable. Women constitute nearly half of world’s AIDS population Aim: The present study attempts to highlight the challenges faced by HIV positive women. Material and Method: Since HIV/AIDS is a sensitive topic it was decided to undertake a qualitative study so that subterranean aspect of HIV positive women and their circumstances can be analyzed appropriately. Present study was conducted in Ludhiana district, Punjab. A purposive sample of 67 HIV positive woman visiting ART Centre for the treatment was taken. Information was obtained by Interviewing. Results: The study revealed that stigma and discrimination is the biggest challenge for WLHA as it prevents them from disclosing their HIV status to others and seeking their support. Lack of awareness about HIV also emerged an important challenge for some. There were others who felt that living with HIV has made them physically weak and it affects their working capabilities. Economic instability and dependency of HIV positive women is a big challenge for their survival. HIV positive women do not receive social, emotional and financial support from their parents and in laws. Family members try to maintain distance from these women and hardly come forward to help them. As a result of HIV/AIDS, more women become dependent on fewer income generating family members, thus increasing the already heavy economic burden experienced by families. Conclusion: The study implicates that WLHA face more challenges than men with HIV because of their lower position in society. Due to their lack of awareness they contract HIV infection unknowingly. This lifelong infection affects their physical and psychological health. WLHA are stigmatized and labeled for their immorality due to their illness and they face discrimination from family members, health care workers, colleagues, clients and their own community members. KEYWORDS: Stigma, Support, Challenges, HIV positive women

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