scholarly journals HIV‐Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Brooks ◽  
Jonathan E. Kaplan ◽  
King K. Holmes ◽  
Constance Benson ◽  
Alice Pau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

scholarly journals The Causes of HIV-Associated Cardiomyopathy: A Tale of Two Worlds

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Lumsden ◽  
Gerald S. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Middle Income

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from an acute infection with a high mortality into a treatable, chronic disease. As a result, the clinical sequelae of HIV infection are changing as patients live longer. HIV-associated cardiomyopathy (HIVAC) is a stage IV, HIV-defining illness and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals despite ART. Causes and clinical manifestations of HIVAC depend on the degree of host immunosuppression. Myocarditis from direct HIV toxicity, opportunistic infections, and nutritional deficiencies are implicated in causing HIVAC when HIV viral replication is unchecked, whereas cardiac autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and ART cardiotoxicity contribute to HIVAC in individuals with suppressed viral loads. The initiation of ART has dramatically changed the clinical manifestation of HIVAC in high income countries from one of severe, left ventricular systolic dysfunction to a pattern of subclinical cardiac dysfunction characterized by abnormal diastolic function and strain. In low and middle income countries, however, HIVAC is the most common HIV-associated cardiovascular disease. Clear diagnostic and treatment guidelines for HIVAC are currently lacking but should be prioritized given the global burden of HIVAC.

Ayurvedic management for COVID-19 – A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1551-1559
Author(s):  
Tejashree Kantak ◽  
Swapnil Borage ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Symptomatic Management ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Given

As the corona pandemic has emerged, researchers around the globe are working on finding specific treatment for it. But till date, no conclusive specific treatment has been found, and we are following the protocols with symptomatic management. Ayurveda is an ancient science of healing, with highly sophisticated literature about diseases, their pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. The evaluation of different modalities for treating COVID-19 pandemic patients is the foremost aim of the study. For review, we used the knowledge of the ancient classics and past literature regarding human treatment guidelines mentioned in Ayurveda classics, for prevention and treatment of communicable diseases, to provide appropriate direction in the prevention of COVID-19. The thorough review has been done, of literature, Samhitas(Ayurveda Classics), and research articles which were published between January and June 2020 by PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, Ministry of AYUSH. The opinions of experts have also been referred to. As individuals with lower immunity have a higher risk of COVID-19, so the herbal Rasayana(Rejuvenating) drug, which has proven immunomodulatory activity, is also included in the given study. The Review for Ayurveda formulations, which might help in preventing the progression of COVID-19, has also been made. The Indian herbs are widely utilized in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines or formulations or in the form of drinks to manage various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold, and flu. Hence, these drugs are formulated by using active parts of the plants, which are used for preventing and treating the COVID-19. These formulations are immunity modulators and they prevent the spread of the virus, by intruding at a different stage of virus multiplication in the infected person.

#21: Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Infections in Neonates & Children from Day 1 to 21-Year Old Between the Years 2008 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S8-S9
Author(s):  
Ashraf Abdlhemid ◽  
Margaret R Hammerschlag
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Nosocomial Sepsis ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes

Abstract Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous organism associated with opportunistic infections. In the immunocompromised host, increasing prevalence and severity of illness is observed, particularly opportunistic bloodstream infections and pneumonia syndromes. S. maltophilia is intrinsically resistant to most currently available broad-spectrum antibiotics, including carbapenems and beta-lactams. This intrinsic resistance is due to the presence of chromosomally expressed beta-lactamases, L1 (a metallo-carbapenemase), and L2 (an extended-spectrum beta-lactamases), which together can hydrolyze nearly all betalactam antibiotics including carbapenems. In vitro activity is observed with tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, but resistance can be rapidly induced mainly due to efflux pumps. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) generally is considered the treatment of choice for S. maltophilia infection, although consideration of S. maltophilia in treatment guidelines is sparse. Additionally, a recent study suggests that S. maltophilia susceptibility to TMP-SMX may be decreasing globally, due in part to acquired antibiotic resistance. Though historically identified as a cause of nosocomial infections, communityonset infections increasingly are being reported. From 1996 to 2016, S. maltophilia was commonly isolated from patients hospitalized with pneumonia and bloodstream infection (BSI), and the incidence of S. maltophilia infection is increasing Methods A retrospective analysis of characteristics and outcomes in patients with S. maltophilia–positive cultures were conducted using the Healthbridge EHR. Study Population This retrospective matched case control study was carried out in neonates with S. maltophilia infections at UHB DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER NICU and Pediatric Department between 2008 and 2020. To identify the case patients, we reviewed the admission and medical records of patients and records from the Microbiology Department in the study period. Control patients were selected from the patients who admitted for at least 72 hours and had pneumonia and/or nosocomial sepsis caused by pathogens other than S. maltophilia. To determine the risk factors for S. maltophilia infections among 35 case patients were compared with 35 control patients. Medical charts of all infants with positive cultures for S. maltophilia and control cases were reviewed for birth weight; gestational age; delivery type; postnatal age at hospitalization; prolonged rupture of membranes; invasive procedures (mechanical ventilation, intubation, urinary catheter, umbilical catheter); duration of mechanical ventilation (day); exposure to antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins); administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN); duration of TPN; histamine 2 (H2) blockers; exposure to steroids; cholestasis; elevated liver enzymes; death; sepsis-related death; and duration of hospitalization. All the risk factors for infection were calculated before the onset of infection in both groups. Results in progress Conclusions:

Infectious pseudomonas subglottic stenosis occurring in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ghufoor ◽  
J. Almeyda ◽  
G. Mochloulis ◽  
P. Q. Montgomery ◽  
N. S. Tolley
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Infective Agent

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is emerging as an increasingly common opportunistic infective agent in the immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient (Kielhofner et al., 1992). Improvements in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to longer life expectancy (Graham et al., 1992), and this has changed the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in this population (Baron and Hollander, 1993). We present a case of a patient with AIDS who developed a fulminant Pseudomonas aeruginosa stenosing subglottic infection. We are unaware of any previous reports of this particular manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

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