Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, V: Iron Technology and Iron-Making Communities of the First Millennium BC. Matasha McConchie.

A small part of the terrace edge enclosure at North Mains was excavated to test the hypothesis that it was contemporary with one or other of the Neolithic/Early Bronze Age ceremonial monuments immediately to the north. Two cropmark ditches and an entrance through them were confirmed by excavation. The inner ditch was very steep sided; postholes were found on the inner edge of both ditches. Possible postholes were also noted on the outer edge of the outer ditch. Traces of a number of structures were located in the interior, including what may be the slight wall-trench of a circular house. The results of radiocarbon dating may suggest that the ditch was dug in the second millennium bc, while at least one of the structures in the interior was in use in the late first millennium bc. A comment on the radiocarbon dates is provided by John Barber (50--1). An appendix gives details of the `Identification of charcoal from North Mains' by Coralie Mills (52--3). Au

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Seeking Horses: Allies, Clients and Exchanges in the Zhou Period (1045–221 BC)

Journal of World Prehistory ◽

10.1007/s10963-021-09161-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Rawson ◽

Limin Huan ◽

William Timothy Treal Taylor

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Cultural Patterns ◽

Ancient China ◽

Central Plains ◽

The North ◽

The People ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc

AbstractHorses and chariots—and the associated technology and expertise—derived from the steppe contributed to the success of the Zhou conquest of the Shang in c. 1045 BC and remained important throughout Zhou rule in ancient China. On the basis of material cultural patterns, including the style and material used in bridle cheek-pieces found in tombs of the late second and early first millennium BC, this paper points to a northern origin for Zhou horses. Important intermediaries, providing these horses, were the clans whose cemeteries have been identified on the northern edges of the Central Plains. The necessity for repeated exchanges bringing south horses from the north was a consequence of key environmental differences between the steppe and the Central Plains, including climate, geomorphology, essential soil nutrients, and land use. These created significant difficulties in sustainably breeding and pasturing horses of quality. As a result, the people of the Central Plains were bound, over millennia, to seek horses from the northwest, along a cultural corridor that also moved northern materials and technologies, such as gold-, iron- and some bronze-working, into the Central Plains from the steppes.

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Facing two seas: Mediterranean and Atlantic contacts in the north-west of Iberia in the first millennium BC

Oxford Journal of Archaeology ◽

10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00213.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 287-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal

Keyword(s):

North West ◽

The North ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc

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Maritime Communities and Coastal Andean Urbanization

Maritime Communities of the Ancient Andes ◽

10.5744/florida/9780813066141.003.0006 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 165-187

Author(s):

Matthew Helmer

Keyword(s):

Food Production ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

Important Crop ◽

Early Horizon ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc ◽

North Coast Of Peru

Chapter 6 discusses the Early Horizon, first millennium BC site of Samanco (450 to 150 cal BC), near the shore in the Nepeña valley on the north coast of Peru. Fishing and shellfishing were important, as was agriculture, with maize as the most important crop. Samanco was a food production center supplying inland polities with subsistence goods from the sea and from fields in the Nepeña delta. Trade in local, utilitarian goods was a defining feature of Samanco identity.

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Excavation of a Neolithic enclosure and an Iron Age settlement at Douglasmuir, Angus

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ◽

10.9750/psas.125.29.67 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 29-67

Author(s):

Jill Kendrick ◽

Gordon J Barclay ◽

Trevor G Cowie ◽

A Saville ◽

Jill Kendrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Small Sample ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Internal Ring ◽

Compressor Station ◽

Broad Ring ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

The North ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc

The complete excavation of a post-defined Neolithic enclosure took place in 1979 and 1980 in advance of the construction of a gas compressor station for the British Gas Corporation. The enclosure appeared to have been constructed in two parts. There was little evidence for any associated activity except for a pit in the north half. Three charcoal samples from the post-holes produced radiocarbon dates in the range 3930-3390 cal BC. A small sample of a scatter of pits visible on aerial photographs was also excavated. Six penannular ring-ditch houses dating to the mid first millennium BC were also investigated. The houses were of the broad ring-ditch type with internal ring beam support. Other features included six-post structures and crescent-shaped hollows which might be the truncated remains of further house sites. There was little horizontal stratigraphy. The project was arranged and funded by Historic Scotland and its predecessor departments, with a contribution by British Gas.

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Pre-Roman Iron Age Boats and Rocks in the North: Reality and ReXection

Communities and Connections ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0011 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

John Coles

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Iron Age ◽

Recent Analysis ◽

Northern Europe ◽

The West ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc ◽

Eastern Seaboard

This chapter is offered to Barry Cunliffe as a token of the respect that I have for his immense contribution to studies of the European Iron Age. Our research interests have sometimes overlapped, at the Glastonbury and Meare Lake Villages for example, but in general we have pursued different lines and areas of enquiry. Yet he has been unfailing in support of numerous projects undertaken in foreign Welds and none, perhaps, more foreign than the study of rock carvings in northern Europe, a long way from his beloved Atlantic lands. In 2003 an important documentation on north European late first millennium BC boats appeared, ably assembled and in part authored by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen and his collaborator Athena Trakadas. The boats, dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age of the north, have been named after a famous discovery at Hjortspring, on the island of Als in southern Denmark. Here, in 1880 or thereabouts, fragments of planking were revealed by peat-digging, along with iron and bone spearheads; all were either burnt on the spot or discarded by the finders, and there the matter rested until a local antiquarian heard of the discovery and alerted the authorities. This led in the 1920s to a remarkable excavation, far ahead of its time in the technical recovery of the surviving evidence, in the documentation of stratigraphy and context, and in the conservation procedures devised. The history of the Hjortspring boat and its huge array of equipment need not delay us here as it is well set out in the primary report (Rosenberg 1937), in a recent analysis (Randsborg 1995) and in the book noted above (Crumlin- Pedersen and Trakadas 2003).What has intrigued me, and I hope will intrigue Barry, is the location of the Hjortspring deposit, the boat lying not by the present or the Iron Age seashore of the island of Als, but near one of the highest points on the island, and well inland. It was deposited in a pond, now a small peatbog some 50m in diameter, about 40–45m above sea level, and some two km from the eastern seaboard and about five km from the Als Fjord on the west.

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Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00150070 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 50 (200) ◽

pp. 216-222

Author(s):

Beatrice De Cardi

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

The State ◽

Focused Attention ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

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