Photosynthetic activity of wheat - wheatgrass hybrids and winter wheat under salinization

Wheat is considered to be one the most important crop on Earth. Wheat-wheatgrass hybrids are the promising gene donors for further breedingprocrss. The parameters of photosynthetic activity are the key factor of crop yield formation. Based on the parameters of photosynthetic activity, the most resistant to salinization hybrids of PPG and wheat were identified. The structure of the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants and wheat-wheatgrass hybrids under the salinization is described.

Identifikasi Nematoda di Lahan Perkebunan Buah Naga (Hylocereus costaricencis) Kabupaten Banjar dan Banjarbaru Kalimantan Selatan

Dragon Fruit is one of the important crop plants in South Borneo. Efforts to increase production are sometimes inhibited by pathogenic nematodes. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the nematodes found in the soil around the dragon fruit farmland in Banjar and Banjarbaru districts. Research was done by taking the soil at a depth of 0-20 cm near the roots of the dragon fruit. The nematode extraction was done with Whitehead & Heaming method (1965) and fixed by Seinhorst method (1962), then proceed with mounting method Seinhorst (1959). Furthermore, morphological observations consisted of the entire body from head to tail. Nematodes that have been identified on the Dragon Fruit farmland are the genera Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Mylonchulus, Eudorylaimus and Nygolaimoides. The identified nematodes may serve as additional information about the nematodes present in the dragon fruit farmland.

An insight into black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon): A glimpse on globally important crop pest

Many agricultural pests create problems for farmers leading to production loss. Since agriculture plays an important role in the economy of a nation, controlling and management of such pests is of great importance. Cutworms are notorious agricultural pests infesting a wide variety of crops leading to production loss. Cutworms are distributed worldwide and many species of cutworms have also been reported feeding on all kinds of crops. Agrotis ipsilon is one of the most common cutworm species prevailing in different continents. Understanding the biology and management of these pests will be of great use for farmers. In this article, brief information on cutworms; specifically A. ipsilon species is highlighted. A brief description of host, migration, control and management of A. ipsilon are also highlighted.

Different Approaches for Developing of Salt Tolerant Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)

Sugarcane is a very important crop mostly cultivated in many regions of the world. Sugarcane is an important crop in tropical areas of the world, often being uncovered to environments with high salinity, but little is recognized of genetic variant in salt tolerance. The purpose of this work was once to examine the performance of two genetically various cultivars of sugarcane underneath specific concentrations of salinity (0, 40, eighty and a hundred and sixty mM NaCl) over a period of 30 days. SP 81–3250 was extra salt-tolerant and maintained its charge of biomass production, photosynthesis and leaf place up to one hundred sixty mM NaCl, whereas IAC 87–3396 was a sensitive to 80 mM NaCl. SP 81–3250 maintained very low concentrations of Na+ in both leaves and roots with increasing time and salinity, whereas in IAC 87–3396 the Na+ concentrations had been 2–5 instances higher. This suggests that the tolerance of SP 81–3250 to excessive salinity was due to its ability to leave out Na+ whilst taking up water from the soil, and that measurements of Na+ awareness in leaves should be used to pick out salt-tolerant genotypes for saline areas.

The Farming Economy in South and Central Sweden during the Bronze Age - A Study Based on Carbonised Botanical Evidence

The article provides a survey of carbonised seed finds in south and central Sweden which can be attributed to the Swedish Bronze Age, 1800—500 B.C. This period must be considered one of the most dynamic with regard to prehistoric agriculture. The material has been collected at prehistoric dwelling sites and largely consists of household refuse. During the Early Bronze Age agriculture was based on speltoid wheat's and naked barley. Around 1000 B.C. the speltoid wheats and the naked barley decline strongly, while hulled barley takes over as the most important crop. This shift in the choice of crop indicates the introduction of agricultural fertilization and systems with permanent, manured fields.

RNAi-Mediated Control of Lepidopteran Pests of Important Crop Plants

Insects as pests destroy annually an estimated 18–20% of the crop production worldwide. Caterpillars, the larval stage of moths, are the major pests of agricultural products owing to their voracious feeding habits. In the past few decades, the potent methods of insect control, such as insecticides and Bt toxins, have been constrained as a result of health hazards, environmental issues, and development of resistance, after their prolonged application. Thus, there is need to find alternative options to improve plant protection strategies. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi), the post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism, has emerged as one of such a novel, sustainable, and environment friendly approaches for insect management and crop protection. RNAi technology relies on selection of a vital insect pest target gene and its expression as a double stranded RNA or stem-loop RNA molecule, which is recognized by the host RNAi machinery and processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs). The siRNA/miRNA along with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) binds to the complimentary mRNA and induce gene silencing at post-transcriptional level. With effective target-gene selection and transgenic plants expressing these precursor RNA molecules, insect pests of various crops have been efficiently managed. In this chapter, we discuss the basic mechanism of RNAi and its application in controlling lepidopteran pests of important crop plants.

Potential implications of 'Farm Laws 2020' on rice marketing in India: A discussion

The new farm laws remain a contentious issue in the political debates and discussions from their enactment. Protests are being organised across the country for their repeal. Rice is an important crop, produced and consumed by almost every farmer in India. Hence, the issue lodges an important place in the agriculture canvas of the country. In this context, this articles makes the first attempts to discuss the commodity-specific implications of these laws. In this article, we have provided an elaborate view on the three farm laws enacted in the year 2020 namely (1) The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020; (2) Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020; and (3) Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 and discussed their possible implications on rice marketing in India.

The diffusion of maize in the Cantabrian region and its economic and demographic consequences during the Ancient Regime

The cultivation of maize for human consumption started to spread through the Cantabrian region around the end of the sixteenth century. The adoption of the new crop was encouraged by the advent of the Little Ice Age, and the resulting crisis of subsistence, which forced Cantabrian peasants and farmers to search for alternatives to wheat. The importance of maize increased steadily and by the nineteenth century it had become the most important crop grown in the region. This had a number of economic and demographic consequences. In particular, it allowed peasants to produce a surplus that enabled them to become more involved in local and regional markets, providing an essential profit for otherwise precarious farm economies; and it encouraged such markets to become more integrated and more flexible in character. This article explores these issues by focusing on the case of Gipuzkoa, an area with a large amount of previously unused documentary sources.