scholarly journals Application features of micro-pixel avalanche photodetectors in the laser Doppler anemometers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2057 (1) ◽  
pp. 012088
Author(s):  
V V Rakhmanov ◽  
S V Dvoynishnikov ◽  
V G Meledin ◽  
V A Pavlov ◽  
D O Semenov
Keyword(s):  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Avalanche Photodiodes ◽  
Laser Doppler Anemometer ◽  
Optical Receiver ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Avalanche Photodetectors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Abstract The optical receiver is an essential part of any laser Doppler anemometer. Traditionally, vacuum photomultiplier tubes are used for reliable reception of weak optical radiation. However, this type of photodetector has its own drawbacks, which lead to a design complication and an increase in the cost of LDA. In this work, the characteristics of silicon micropixel avalanche photodiodes are investigated and the operation of a silicon photomultiplier as a photodetector in an LDA is tested when measuring the velocity on test benches. The possibility of using Si-PMT to receive optical signals of the laser Doppler anemometer is shown.

scholarly journals Investigation of the spectral characteristics of silicon photomultiplier tubes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Silicon Photomultipliers ◽  
Short Wavelength Region ◽  
Avalanche Photodetectors

Успехи прикладной физики, 2021, том 9, No 2165I. R. Gulakov, A. O. Zenevich, and O. V. KocherginaBelarusian State Academy of Communications8/2 F. Skorina st., Minsk, 220114, BelarusE-mail: [email protected] January 12, 2021Recently multipixel avalanche photodetectors, called silicon photomultipliers are of-ten used to record optical radiation. The influence of ambient temperature and sup-ply voltage on the spectral sensitivity and dynamic range of prototypes of silicon pho-tomultipliers manufactured by JSC "Integral" (Republic ofBelarus) and commercially available photomultipliers KetekRM 3325 and ON Semi FC 30035 has been investigated in this article. It was determined that the spectral sensitivity maxi-mum of silicon photomultipliers is shifted to the short-wavelength region andcorre-sponds to the wavelength of optical radiation of 470 nm. It is shown that an increase in the supply voltage leads to an increase in the sensitivity of the investigated photodetectors, and the dependence of the sensitivity on temperature manifests itself in different ways when exposed to optical radiation of different wavelengths.

scholarly journals Approbation of the Laser Doppler Anemometer Lad-08 on the Secondary Standard Test Rig for Air Flow Speed

2020 ◽  
Vol 1675 ◽  
pp. 012082
Author(s):  
I K Kabardin ◽  
V G Meledin ◽  
S V Dvoinishnikov ◽  
V A Pavlov ◽  
G V Bakakin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Flow ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Laser Doppler Anemometer ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Secondary Standard ◽  
Test Rig

scholarly journals Acceptability of remote prescribing and postal delivery services for contraceptive pills and treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjsrh-2020-200687
Author(s):  
Tom Nadarzynski ◽  
Ynez Symonds ◽  
Robert Carroll ◽  
Jo Gibbs ◽  
Sally Kidsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sti Testing ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Remote Management ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

ObjectivesThe digitalisation of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services offers valuable opportunities to deliver contraceptive pills and chlamydia treatment by post. We aimed to examine the acceptability of remote prescribing and ‘medication-by-post’ in SRH.Study designAn online survey assessing attitudes towards remote management was distributed in three UK SRH clinics and via an integrated sexually transmitted infection (STI) postal self-sampling service. Logistic regressions were performed to identify potential correlates.ResultsThere were 1281 participants (74% female and 49% <25 years old). Some 8% of participants reported having received medication via post and 83% were willing to receive chlamydia treatment and contraceptive pills by post. Lower acceptability was observed among participants who were: >45 years old (OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.23–0.81)), screened for STIs less than once annually (OR 0.63 (0.42–0.93)), concerned about confidentiality (OR 0.21 (0.90–0.50)), concerned about absence during delivery (OR 0.09 (0.02–0.32)) or unwilling to provide blood pressure readings (OR 0.22 (0.04–0.97)). Higher acceptability was observed among participants who reported: previously receiving medication by post (OR 4.63 (1.44–14.8)), preference for home delivery over clinic collection (OR 24.1 (11.1–51.9)), preference for home STI testing (OR 10.3 (6.16–17.4)), ability to communicate with health advisors (OR 4.01 (1.03–15.6)) and willingness to: register their real name (OR 3.09 (1.43–10.6)), complete online health questionnaires (OR 3.09 (1.43–10.6)) and use generic contraceptive pills (OR 2.88 (1.21–6.83)).ConclusionsPostal treatment and entering information online to allow remote prescribing were acceptable methods for SRH services and should be considered alongside medication collection in pharmacies. These methods could be particularly useful for patients facing barriers in accessing SRH. The cost-effectiveness and implementation of these novel methods of service delivery should be further investigated.

Investigation of Dynamic Range of Silicon Photoelectronic Multiplyers

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
A.O. Zenevich ◽  
◽  
O.V. Kochergina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Photomultiplier Tubes ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Low Intensity

For detecting the low-intensity optical radiation the silicon photoelectronic multiplyers are used more often. However, not all characteristics of these photoelectronic multiplyers have been thoroughly studied. So, there is no information about the influence of supply voltage on the value of the dynamic range. In the work as the study objects, the test specimens Si-PEM with a p+–p–n+ structure, produced by JSC Integral (Republik of Belarus), have been used, as well as the serially produced silicon photomultiplyers Ketek PM 3325 and ON Semi FC 30035. It has been found that an increase in the supply voltage leads to the critical decrease. It has been discovered that an increase an in the supply voltage leads to a decreased value of the threshold intensity. It has been proved that the dependence of the dynamic range on the supply voltage has a maximum. To ensure the maximum dynamic range of registration in the photo-detector devices based on the Si-photomultiplier tubes, it is necessary to select the photo-detector supply voltage, corresponding to this maximum. The results obtained in this article can be applied in the development and design of the devices for recording the optical radiation based on silicon photomultiplier tubes.

scholarly journals A THEORY OF AGENCY LAW

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Internalization Theory ◽  
Agency Relationship ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Despite the ubiquity of agents in the modern world, agency law does not have a coherent explanation or unified theory. The Restatement (Third) of Agency updates and attempts to explain the law, but its explanations are limited in scope and at times unpersuasive. Like other contemporary commentary on agency law, the Third Restatement draws from contract and tort theory, an approach which ignores the unique features of agency law. Agency law enables principals to act through agents; it also ensures that principals using agents do not thereby escape liability or other consequences of their choices. This paper develops a theory to fit agency law. The "costbenefit internalization theory" is based on the simple premise that the principal, who has chosen to conduct her business through an agent, must bear the foreseeable consequences of that choice. Conversely, as the bearer of the risks, the principal is entitled to receive the benefits created by the agency relationship. The cost-benefit internalization theory explains and illuminates virtually all agency law doctrine.

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