scholarly journals The potential of tropical fruit peels as ion exchangers for water hardness removal

2020 ◽  
Vol 463 ◽  
pp. 012093
Author(s):  
Yee-Huan Tan ◽  
Chee-Chian Kerk ◽  
Chew-Tin Lee ◽  
Choon-Yoong Cheok
Keyword(s):  
Water Hardness ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Hardness Removal

scholarly journals Removal of hardness from drinking water by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1417
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Hardness Removal ◽  
Study Laboratory

In the present study laboratory studies are carried out to examine the removal of hardness by electrocoagulation process from drinking water using iron rod electrodes in batch mode. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of EC process in removal of water hardness through iron-rod electrodes in varying conditions. Experimental water sample was taken from water distribution network of local area Pune City, Maharashtra state, India. The indices for calcium and total hardness removal in pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0), electrical potential of 12 and 24 V and reaction times of 5 minutes to 30 minutes were measured. The maximum efficiency of hardness removal which was obtained at pH 10.0, voltage of 12 and reaction time of 60 min are equal to 98.5% and 97.5% for calcium and total hardness, respectively. Final pH of remained solution has also increased which rises with acidic pH and decreases in alcoholic pH, so the results demonstrate the direct effect of pH, potential difference and reaction time on hardness removal using EC process.

scholarly journals Water Hardness Removal Using Wheat Straw and Rice Husk Ash Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Hari Lal Kharel ◽  
Ram Kumar Sharma ◽  
Tanka Prasad Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hardness Removal ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Maximum Removal

This study examined potential of using wheat straw ash (WSA) and rice husk ash (RHA) to remove hardness of natural and hardness enriched synthetic water samples. Eight water samples (both natural and synthetic) with hardness ranging from 236 to 580 mg/l were treated with 10 different doses of WSA and RHA ranging from 2.5 to 25 g ash l–1 at regular increment of 2.5 g and one sample was included as control (no ash addition). Water hardness, hardness removal efficiency and pH changes of the treated water samples were measured. Hardness removal efficiency and pH of water increased with increasing doses of ash. Maximum removal was achieved at 17.5 g/l and 22.5 g/l for WSA and RHA, respectively, and further ash addition did not change the hardness. Maximum removal efficiency of WSA was 81% (i.e. 67 mg/g) and RHA was 58% (i.e. 44 mg/g). Higher hardness removal efficiency of WSA was due to presence of higher concentrations of alkali metal oxides. As similar to removal efficiency, WSA also increased pH of water samples relative to RHA. Maximum pH of 11.2 and 10.2 was respectively for WHA and RSA at the highest dose of ash (25 g/l). The results thus indicate that locally available ashes from agricultural sources may be useful in hardness removal process, however, softened cannot be used as drinking water due to the high level of alkalinity.

DIP quality influenced by process water quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
DENNIS VOSS ◽  
HANS-JOACHIM PUTZ ◽  
SAMUEL SCHABEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Contamination Levels

The need for deinking mills to reduce their fresh water consumption has resulted in higher loads of various contaminants in the process water. Lower recovered paper quality also leads to higher contamination levels in the mills. This higher load has an influence on achievable target brightness. The objective of the work was to determine and explain the main reasons for relatively poor deinked pulp quality or poor deinking potential based on the influence of recovered paper composition and process water quality. The process water parameters significantly affect the deinking potential of recovered paper. The test results showed the negative effects of increased water hardness. For standard recovered paper mixtures, flotation selectivity is higher with increasing flotation pH-value. Good results were realized for standard recovered paper with low hardness, low surface tension, and high pH-value. The results for recovered paper containing flexo newsprint could be slightly improved with low hardness, low surface tension, and low pH-value. The results of the test program using design of experiments showed interacting effects of pH-value and surface tension on luminosity and flotation selectivity.

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