Green space in Ternate: tree species diversity and physical condition assessment

Abstract Greenspace has become an essential element in the built environment. As a crucial living component, trees in the green space need to be maintained to secure their longevity. In Ternate, information on the green space relating to species diversity, tree performance, and other environment variables is still lacking. One of the important green spaces in Ternate is Nukila Park. The purpose of the study was to describe the species diversity and the physical condition of trees in Nukila Park. Data was collected by recording all three species at the research site and observing their physical condition using visual tree assessment (VTA). Results showed that the tree species are dominated by Pterocarpus indicus, Samanea saman, and S wietenia macrophylla. Diversity index (Shannon Wiener, H’), evenness index (E), and Richness index (Margalef, R) were H’=1.92, E=0.69, and R=2.92, respectively. These values indicate that species diversity and evenness were moderate while species richness was low. The tree health showed that most of the trees (81%) were in good condition, while the rest (19%) were damaged caused by pests and diseases. The results could be used to formulate appropriate management of Nukila Park, such as pest and disease control and species enrichment to improve tree health.

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Diversification of tree stands as a means to manage pests and diseases in boreal forests: myth or reality?

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-172 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 324-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Julia Koricheva ◽

Harri Vehviläinen ◽

Janne Riihimäki ◽

Kai Ruohomäki ◽

Pekka Kaitaniemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Boreal Forests ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Pest Outbreaks ◽

Disease Epidemics

Pure forest stands are widely believed to be more prone to pest outbreaks and disease epidemics than mixed stands, leading to recommendations of using stand diversification as a means of controlling forest pests and pathogens. We review the existing evidence concerning the effects of stand tree-species diversity on pests and pathogens in forests of the boreal zone. Experimental data from published studies provide no overall support for the hypothesis that diversification of tree stands can prevent pest outbreaks and disease epidemics. Although beneficial effects of tree-species diversity on stand vulnerability are observed in some cases, in terms of reductions in damage, these effects are not consistent over time and space and seem to depend more on tree-species composition than on tree-species diversity per se. In addition, while mixed stands may reduce the densities of some specialized herbivores, they may be more attractive to generalist herbivores. Given that generalist mammalian herbivores cause considerable tree mortality during the early stages of stand establishment in boreal forests, the net effect of stand diversification on stand damage is unlikely to be positive.

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Vegetation structure and floristic composition of tree species in the habitat of Scaphium macropodum in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210720 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

Author(s):

ARIDA SUSILOWATI ◽

DENI ELFIATI ◽

HENTI HENDALSTUTI RACHMAT ◽

KUSUMADEWI SRI YULITA ◽

ADI NURUL HADI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Vegetation Structure ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Good Condition ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Line Transect ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Limited Information ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

Abstract. Susilowati A, Elfiati D, Rachmat HH, Yulita KS, Hadi AN, Kusuma YS, Batu SAL. 2020. Vegetation structure and floristic composition of tree species in the habitat of Scaphium macropodum in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3025-3033. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumee Ex K Heyne is a member of Malvaceae tree species and globally recognized as malva nut and locally known as ‘kembang semangkok’, ‘tempayang’, ‘merpayang’ or ‘kepayang’. The nut of S. macropodum has many benefits for medicinal purposes, yet destructive extraction of this tree species has led them to extinction. Among its natural distribution in Indonesia, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia is known as its original range, but there is limited information about the existence of this species. This study aimed to determine the vegetation structure of some tree species in the habitat of S. macropodum in Sikundur, Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Purposive sampling technique was employed by creating line transect at some forest areas where the population of S. macropodum is known to grow naturally. Four line transects with each transect consisting of five plots with nested plots within were established to record data at four growth stages, resulting in 80 plots in total. The results showed that the Important Value Index (IVI) of S. macropodum within the floristic community at the studied area was 21.98, 13.85, 27.30, and 39.60 for tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings stages, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H) were 3.80, 3.70, 3.06 and 2.45, Index of evenness (E) are 0.94, 0.92, 0.86, 0.77 and the Index of Richness (R) are 11.76, 10.73, 6.59, 4.10 for tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings stages. This result suggests that the natural population of S. macropodum in Sikundur forest was still in good condition at all stages from tree to seedling.

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TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN A PRISTINE MONTANE FOREST PREVIOUSLY UNTOUCHED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN FOJA MOUNTAINS, PAPUA, INDONESIA

REINWARDTIA ◽

10.14203/reinwardtia.v17i2.3546 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Asep Sadili ◽

Kuswata Kartawinata ◽

Herwasono Soedjito ◽

Edy Nasriadi Sambas

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Human Activities ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Basal Area ◽

Montane Forest ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Importance Value ◽

Montane Forests ◽

Species Area

ADILI, A., KARTAWINATA, K., SOEDJITO, H. & SAMBAS, E. N. 2018. Tree species diversity in a pristine montane forest previously untouched by human activities in Foja Mountains, Papua, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17(2): 133‒154. ‒‒ A study on structure and composition of the pristine montane forest previously untouched by human activities was conducted at the Foja Mountains in November 2008. We established a one-hectare plot divided into 100 subplots of 10 m × 10 m each. We enumerated all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm which diameters were measured, heights were estimated and habitats were noted. We recorded 59 species, 42 genera and 27 families, comprising 693 trees with the total basal area (BA) of 41.35 m2/ha. The forest had lower species richness compared to those of lowland forests in Kalimantan, and Sumatra and montane forests in West Java. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was 3.22. Nothofagus rubra (Importance Value, IV=47.89%) and Parinari corymbosa (IV=40.3%) were the dominant species, constituting the basis for designating the forest as the Nothofagus rubra - Parinari corymbosa association. To date, the dominance of N. rubra is unique to the Foja Mountains, as elsewhere in Papua the montane forests were dominated by N. pullei or other species. The species-area curve indicated a minimal area of 5000 m2. On the family level Fagaceae (IV=53.23%), Chrysobalanaceae (IV=40.53%) and Myristicaceae (IV=26.43%) were dominant. Verti-cally the forest consisted of four strata (A–D). In each stratum Nothofagus rubra, Platea latifolia, Parinari corymbosa and Myristica hollrungii were dominant. The diameter class distribution of Nothofagus rubra, Parinari corymbosa and Platea latifolia led us to assume that these species were regenerating well.

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Tree species diversity in the forest of Renikhayong para village in Bandarban, Bangladesh: a case study

Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management ◽

10.3329/jbcbm.v5i2.44922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 115-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Jannat ◽

M Kamruzzaman ◽

MA Hossain ◽

MK Hossain

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Tree Height ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Height Range ◽

Hill District ◽

Number Of Individuals

The study was conducted to explore tree species diversity of Renikhayong para Village Common Forest (VCF) of Bandarban hill district. Stratified random sampling was carried out to assess the tree species diversity of the VCF. Renikhayong Para VCF with an area of 40 acres of land has more than 85 tree species belonging to 31 families, where Euphorbiaceae family was dominant containing 11 species followed by Rubiaceae (7 species), Moraceae (7 species), Meliaceae (5 species), Mimosaceae (5 species), Combretaceae (4 species), Lauraceae (4 species) and Anacardiaceae (3 species). Dominant tree species was Grewia nervosa. Renikhayong para VCF has diverse floristic resources that are known from the Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (4.007), Simpson’s diversity index (0.028), Margalef’s richness index (13.21) and Species evenness index (0.90). However, number of species and number of individuals both were highest in the height range of 5 - <10 m. Similar trend was observed in dbh classes. Number of individuals were highest in dbh range of 5 - <15 cm and the lowest in ≥ 55 cm. The results depict the presence of maximum small trees in the VCF and decreasing the number of trees with the increase of tree height (m) and dbh (cm). Presence of diverse tree species and diversity indices indicate the importance and potential of the VCF for conservation and sustainable use. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(2): 115-126

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Deep Learning Approaches for the Mapping of Tree Species Diversity in a Tropical Wetland Using Airborne LiDAR and High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10111047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ying Sun ◽

Jianfeng Huang ◽

Zurui Ao ◽

Dazhao Lao ◽

Qinchuan Xin

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Tree Species ◽

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Rgb Images

The monitoring of tree species diversity is important for forest or wetland ecosystem service maintenance or resource management. Remote sensing is an efficient alternative to traditional field work to map tree species diversity over large areas. Previous studies have used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral or multispectral remote sensing) for species richness prediction. The recent development of very high spatial resolution (VHR) RGB images has enabled detailed characterization of canopies and forest structures. In this study, we developed a three-step workflow for mapping tree species diversity, the aim of which was to increase knowledge of tree species diversity assessment using deep learning in a tropical wetland (Haizhu Wetland) in South China based on VHR-RGB images and LiDAR points. Firstly, individual trees were detected based on a canopy height model (CHM, derived from LiDAR points) by the local-maxima-based method in the FUSION software (Version 3.70, Seattle, USA). Then, tree species at the individual tree level were identified via a patch-based image input method, which cropped the RGB images into small patches (the individually detected trees) based on the tree apexes detected. Three different deep learning methods (i.e., AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet50) were modified to classify the tree species, as they can make good use of the spatial context information. Finally, four diversity indices, namely, the Margalef richness index, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, the Simpson diversity index, and the Pielou evenness index, were calculated from the fixed subset with a size of 30 × 30 m for assessment. In the classification phase, VGG16 had the best performance, with an overall accuracy of 73.25% for 18 tree species. Based on the classification results, mapping of tree species diversity showed reasonable agreement with field survey data (R2Margalef = 0.4562, root-mean-square error RMSEMargalef = 0.5629; R2Shannon–Wiener = 0.7948, RMSEShannon–Wiener = 0.7202; R2Simpson = 0.7907, RMSESimpson = 0.1038; and R2Pielou = 0.5875, RMSEPielou = 0.3053). While challenges remain for individual tree detection and species classification, the deep-learning-based solution shows potential for mapping tree species diversity.

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Tree Species Diversity and Abundance of Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v25i8.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1419

Author(s):

O.M. Ogundele ◽

P.O. Ige ◽

Y.T. Owoeye ◽

D.E. Abanikanda ◽

O.O. Komolafe

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Permanent Sample Plot ◽

Ondo State

This study was carried out to examine the tree species diversity and abundance in a natural forest ecosystem in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. Data were collected from a four equal size sampling plot of 50×50m in a permanent sample plot section of Akure Forest Reserve. All living trees with DBH ≥ 10cm were measured and identified. A total of 956 trees were encountered. These trees were from 42 genera and 20 families. Celtis zenkeri belonging to the family of Ulmaceae was the species with the highest population distribution while Sterculiaceae was the dominant family in the study area. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (Hˈ) of 3.196 and species evenness of 0.84 were obtained from the study area. The high values of diversity indices obtained indicated that the forest is rich in biodiversity and hence should be protected from any forms of disturbance to enhance sustainability as well as protect the rare species in it from going into extinction.

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Analyzing the Relationship, Distribution of Tree Species Diversity, and Above-Ground Biomass on the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape in Nepal

International Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1155/2020/2789753 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Shiva Pokhrel ◽

Chungla Sherpa

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Sea Level ◽

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Breast Height ◽

Ground Biomass ◽

The Relationship ◽

Landscape Level

Forests provide numerous ecosystem goods and services. Their roles are considered as important for both climate mitigation and adaptation program. In Nepal, there are significant forest resources which are distributed in different regions; however, the studies on the spatial tree species distribution and the above-ground biomass and their relationship at the landscape level have not been well studied. This study aims to analyze the relationship, distribution of tree species diversity, and above-ground biomass at a landscape level. The data used for this study were obtained from the Forest Research and Training Center of Nepal, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and Worldwide Wildlife Fund (WWF-Nepal). The landscape has a mean of 191.89 tons ha−1 of the above-ground biomass. The highest amount of the above-ground biomass measured was 650 tons ha−1 with 96 individual trees, and the least was 3.428 tons ha−1. The measured mean height of the tree was 11.77 m, and diameter at breast height (DBH) was 18.59 cm. In the case of the spatial distribution of the above-ground biomass, plots distributed at the middle altitude range greater than 900 meters above sea level (m. a. s. l) to 3000 meters above sea level taking more amount of the above-ground biomass (AGB). Similarly, the highest plot-level Shannon diversity index (H’) was 2.75 with an average of 0.96 at the middle altitude region followed by the lower region with an average of 0.89 and least 0.87 at a higher elevation. Above-ground biomass (R2 = 0.48) and tree height (R2 = 0.506) significantly increased with increasing elevation up to a certain level increased of elevation. Diameter at breast height (DBH) showed significance (R2 = 0.364) but small increase with increasing elevation, while the relationship among tree species diversity index, above-ground biomass, and elevation showed a weak and very weak positive relationship with R2 = 0.018 and R2 = 0.002, respectively. Based on the overall results, it is concluded that elevation has some level of influence on the forest tree diversity and above-ground biomass. The finding of this study could be useful for landscape-level resource management and planning under various changes.

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Community forestry adoption based on multipurpose tree species diversity towards to sustainable forest management in ICEF of University of Lampung, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d190344 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 1102-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CHRISTINE WULANDARI ◽

AFIF BINTORO ◽

RUSITA RUSITA ◽

TRIO SANTOSO ◽

DURYAT DURYAT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Community Forestry ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Conservation Education ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Multipurpose Tree ◽

Multipurpose Tree Species

Wulandari C, Bintoro A, Rusita, Santoso T, Duryat, Kaskoyo H, Erwin, Budiono P. 2018. Community forestry adoption basedon multipurpose tree species diversity towards to sustainable forest management in ICEF of University of Lampung, Indonesia.Biodiversitas 19: 1102-1109. Integrated Conservation Education Forest (ICEF) of University of Lampung (Unila) at Wan AbdulRachman (WAR) Forest Park is a conservation forest which should be free from any kinds of human activities. In fact, more than 75%the area has been managed by community hence there is a need for management strategy through Community Forestry (CF). It is knownthat there are a lot of Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) that can be utilized for the community’s daily life. The research’s objectivesare to analyze the ability of the community to adopt CF scheme, to calculate the diversity index of MPTS and level of Skill KnowledgeAttitude (SKA) and to determine the correlation variables to sustainable CF. This study used Shannon-Wiener diversity index, analysisof SKA level and regression analysis for adoption level. The results of this study noted that at the research site has diversity index 0.115and 74.29% of plants are MPTS. Based on the data analysis, 168 respondents [89%] agree to adopt CF scheme and level of their SKA ismoderate therefore needs to increase this level towards to forest sustainability. There are three variables of community forestry adoptiontoward to sustainable forest management at ICEF: number of trees species, the volume of forest products that would be sold, and rolesof extension education.

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KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES LUMUT HATI EPIFIT DAN REKAMAN BARU UNTUK JAWA

Floribunda ◽

10.32556/floribunda.v6i4.2020.277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Afiatry Putrika ◽

Shela Kartika Wijaya ◽

Astari Dwiranti ◽

Mega Atria

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Light Microscope ◽

New Record ◽

Green Space ◽

Urban Forest ◽

Survey Method ◽

Tree Trunk ◽

Main Road

Afiatry Putrika, Shela Kartika Wijaya, Astari Dwiranti, Mega Atria. 2020. Epiphytic Liverworts Diversity and New Record for Java. Floribunda 6(4): 133–140. — Indonesia University (IU) has an open green space area, that consists of urban forest and the garden inside campus. The existence of these areas makes that location has various species of plants, especially tree species which become substrate for leafy liverworts. The objective of this study is to identify the leafy liverworts species diversity in the Campus of IU Depok. This research was conducted in the IU urban forest and campus main road by broad survey method. Those leafy liverworts sample was collected at 4 different direction of 0–2 m high of tree trunk. The liverworts samples were observed using a light microscope in the laboratory. There are 10 species of liverworts were recorded from Indonesia University which belong to 2 families and 6 genera. Two of them are new record for Java. Afiatry Putrika, Shela Kartika Wijaya, Astari Dwiranti, Mega Atria. 2020. Keanekaragaman Spesies Lumut Hati Epifit dan Rekaman Baru untuk Jawa. Floribunda 6(4): 133–140. — Universitas Indonesia (UI) me-miliki kawasan ruang terbuka hijau yang terdiri atas hutan kota dan taman sekitar kampus. Keberadaan ruang terbuka tersebut membuat UI memiliki beragam jenis flora, termasuk pohon yang dapat menjadi substrat tumbuhnya lumut hati berdaun. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman spesies lumut hati epifit yang ada di Kampus UI Depok. Penelitian dilakukan di Hutan Kota dan jalan utama kampus UI Depok. Pengambilan sampel lumut hati di Hutan Kota dan jalan utama kampus dilakukan dengan metode jelajah bebas. Sampel lumut pada pohon inang dikoleksi dari 4 arah mata angin pada ketinggian 0–2 meter dari permukaan tanah. Sampel lumut diamati di laboratorium menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 10 spesies lumut hati epifit di kampus UI yang berasal dari 2 famili dan 6 genus. Dua spesies merupakan catatan baru untuk Jawa.

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Tree species diversity and structural composition: The case of Durgapur Hill Forest, Netrokona, Bangladesh

Asian Journal of Forestry ◽

10.13057/asianjfor/r030102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MD. RAYHANUR RAHMAN ◽

Md. MIZANUR RAHMAN ◽

Md. ARIF CHOWDHURY ◽

JARIN AKHTER

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Acacia Auriculiformis ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Height Range ◽

Structural Composition ◽

Shorea Robusta

Abstract. Rahman MdR, Rahman MdM, Chowdhury MdA, Akhter J. 2019. Tree species diversity and structural composition: The case of Durgapur Hill Forest, Netrokona, Bangladesh. Asian J For 3: 10-19. Tree species diversity and stand structure of Durgapur hill forest were assessed through stratified random sampling method using sample plots of 20 m x 20 m in size during the period of October 2017 to May 2018. A total of 1436 stems of ≥5 cm DBH of 56 tree species belonging to 50 genera and 29 families were enumerated from sample area. Density (855 stem ha-1) and Basal area (29.27 m2 ha-1) of tree species were enumerated. Besides, Shannon-Wiener’s, Margalef’s, Simpson’s and Pielou’s diversity index were recorded for all the tree species. The study showed that the most dominant 10 species have 58% of the total IVI (174.29 out of 300). Where, Acacia auriculiformis showed the maximum Importance Value Index (51.02) followed by Shorea robusta (24.23). Number of individual tree species were highest (49) in the height range of 7- <12 m whereas maximum (52) species were recorded in the DBH (cm) range of 5- <10 cm. However, Acacia auriculiformis, Shorea robusta, and Tectona grandis were found as the most dominant species based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Therefore, current study will be helpful to the future policymakers in formulating forest resource management plan of Durgapur hill forest.

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