scholarly journals Determination of the relevant multibeam echosounder frequency to estimate the suspended sediment concentrations for environmental damage monitoring of mass movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 936 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
I H Hariyanto ◽  
D G Pratomo ◽  
M A Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Multibeam Echosounder ◽  
Damage Monitoring ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Efficiency Cost ◽  
The Common

Abstract The problem of environmental damages in the river area can transform the morphology and threaten the ecosystem in it with one of the causes being natural factors such as suspended sediment. Retracing the medium form is fluid, the common instrument to determine the condition of the area is a sound wave-based instrument such as a multibeam echosounder. Considering the improvement of multibeam echosounder which can acquire areas using many frequencies at one time, noted as multi-frequency multibeam echosounder, now its application can reach various fields including environmental monitoring. Factors that can be considered in its practice include time efficiency, cost, and notably the accuracy of the data result. By converting the results of the acquisition into an estimate of the concentration of suspended sediment and integrating the results from several frequencies, it will be established the applicable frequency usage. It was concluded that a multibeam echosounder with a frequency of 450 kHz was recommended in a case study to determine the concentration of suspended sediment. This is supported by a correlation value of 89.18% or a very high correlation.

scholarly journals Errors in Case Markers Made by Syrian Students Who Learn Turkish in Temporary Education Center

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Onur Kan ◽  
Gizem Utlu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Placement Test ◽  
The Common ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Locative Case ◽  
Genitive Case

The purpose of this study is to determine the errors in case markers in the texts formed by Syrian students, who learn Turkish as a foreign language. The study group of this research, which is designed as a case study, comprises of a total of 60 Syrian students in A1 and A2 level, studying in the temporary education center of Al-Nassaj, which is affiliated with the district of Antakya, Hatay. The determination of the levels of the students was based on the description of the linguistic competences proposed by The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). A placement test was administered to the students in line with the description proposed by the CEFR, and a total of 30 students in A1 and 30 students in A2 were included to the study. A personal information form as well as writing forms, which had been developed by the researchers, were employed in the data collection. The analysis of the data obtained from the writing forms was performed through descriptive analysis method. An evaluation meeting was held with a faculty member specialized in the field of Turkish education in order to ensure the reliability of the data, and a consensus has been reached on the data.The study revealed that in terms of the total number of words used by the students, the students in A1 made 8 errors in case markers for each 100 words whereas those in A2 made 9.3 errors in case markers for each 100 words. It is remarkable that the students in A1 made the most errors in the genitive case markers whereas those in A2 made the most errors in locative case markers. There was no error in the ablative case markers in the texts produced by the students in A1. The study further found that the number of such errors made by the students in A2 was very low.

scholarly journals RIL Skidding Techniques to Improve Productivity and Minimize Production Cost and Environmental Damage (A Case Study at PT Inhutani II Malinau)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Sona Suhartana ◽  
Yuniawati Yuniawati
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Reduced Impact Logging ◽  
Canopy Damage

Conventional skidding techniques applied in natural forests often bring low productivity, high skidding cost, residual stands damage, and soil damage. RIL’s (Reduced Impact Logging) skidding techniques with better performance and more environmentally friendly should be introduced. This study aims to determine the effect of RIL’s skidding techniques on skidding productivity, skidding production-cost, and environmental damages that comprised residual stands and soil inside natural forests. This research was conducted in November-December 2015 at the site of natural production forest administered by PT. Inhutani II (Indonesia’s State Forest Company), in North Kalimantan. The acquired field data, which consisted of productivity, skidding cost, and damages of residual stands and of soil, were each processed into tabulation forms and then calculated for their averages.  The results showed that  applying RIL techniques could obtain: 1) The average skidding productivity reached 15.070 m3/hour; 2) The average skidding-production cost was IDR 48,883.45/m3; 3) The skidded-timber volume and skidding duration correlated with the average of skidding productivity, with coefficient of determination of 96.4%; 4) The average damage on residual stand due to skidding was 17.10% including canopy damage (12.5%), broken stems (37.5%), stem injury (12.5%), and leaning trees (37.5%), 5). Average soil depth and soil volume due to the topsoil displacement were 0.047 m and 3.726 m3/m; and 6) the use of matting strips can reduce the occurrence of soil damage during skidding.

scholarly journals Effects of cultivation and reforestation on suspended sediment concentrations: a case study in a mountainous catchment in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Fang ◽  
F. X. Chen ◽  
H. Y. Zhang ◽  
Y. X. Wang ◽  
Z. H. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Mountainous Catchment ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Responsibility System

Abstract. Understanding how sediment concentrations vary with land use/cover is critical for evaluating the current and future impacts of human activities on river systems. This paper presents suspended sediment concentration (SSC) dynamics and the relationship between SSC and discharge (Q) in the 8973 km2 Du catchment and its sub-catchment (4635 km2). In the Du catchment and its sub-catchment, 4235 and 3980 paired SSC–Q samples, respectively, were collected over 30 years. Under the influence of the Household Contract Responsibility System and Grain-for-Green projects in China, three periods were designated, the original period (1980s), cultivation period (1990s) and reforestation period (2000s). The results of a Mann–Kendall test showed that rainfall slightly increased during the study years; however, the annual discharge and sediment load significantly decreased. The annual suspended sediment yield of the Du catchment varied between 1.3  ×  108 and 1.0  ×  1010 kg, and that of the sub-catchment varied between 6.3  ×  107 and 4.3  ×  109 kg. The SSCs in the catchment and sub-catchment fluctuated between 1 and 22400 g m−3 and between 1 and 31800 g m−3, respectively. The mean SSC of the Du catchment was relatively stable during the three periods (±83 g m−3). ANOVA (analysis of variance) indicated that the SSC did not significantly change under cultivation for low and moderate flows, but was significantly different under high flow during reforestation of the Du catchment. The SSC in the sub-catchment was more variable, and the mean SSC in the sub-catchment varied from 1058 ± 2217 g m−3 in the 1980s to 1256 ± 2496 g m−3 in the 1990s and 891 ± 1558 g m−3 in the 2000s. Reforestation significantly decreased the SSCs during low and moderate flows, whereas cultivation increased the SSCs during high flow. The sediment rating curves showed a stable relationship between the SSC and Q in the Du catchment during the three periods. However, the SSC–Q of the sub-catchment exhibited scattered relationships during the original and cultivation periods and a more linear relationship during the reforestation period.

scholarly journals Determination of the Optimal Method to Estimate the Suspended Sediment Load in Arid Regions. Case Study: Fakhrabad basin of Mehriz (Yazd)

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Mehdi Hayatzadeh ◽  
Mohammadreza Ekhtesasi ◽  
Hosein Malekinezhad ◽  
Ali Fathzadeh ◽  
Hamidreza Azimzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Suspended Sediment Load ◽  
Optimal Method

scholarly journals Effects of cultivation and reforestation on suspended sediment concentrations: a case study in a mountainous catchment in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 7583-7614
Author(s):  
N. F. Fang ◽  
F. X. Chen ◽  
H. Y. Zhang ◽  
Y. X. Wang ◽  
Z. H. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Mountainous Catchment ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Responsibility System

Abstract. Understanding how sediment concentrations vary with land use/cover is critical for evaluating the current and future impacts of human activities on river systems. This paper presents suspended sediment concentration (SSC) dynamics and the relationship between SSC and discharge (Q) in the 8973 km2 Du catchment and its sub-catchment (4635 km2). In the Du catchment and its sub-catchment, 4235 and 3980 paired Q-SSC samples, respectively, were collected over 30 years. Under the influence of the "Household Contract Responsibility System" and Grain-for-Green projects in China, three periods were designated, the original period (1980s), cultivation period (1990s), and reforestation period (2000s). The results of a Mann–Kendall test showed that rainfall slightly increased during the study years; however, the annual discharge and sediment load significantly decreased. The annual suspended sediment yield of the Du catchment varied between 4 and 332 kg s−1, and that of the sub-catchment varied between 2 and 135 kg s−1. The SSCs in the catchment and sub-catchment fluctuated between 1 and 22 400 g m−3 and between 1 and 31 800 g m−3, respectively. The mean SSC of the Du catchment was relatively stable during the three periods (±83 g m−3). ANOVA indicated that the SSC did not significantly change under cultivation for low and moderate flows, but was significantly different under high flow during reforestation of the Du catchment. The SSC in the sub-catchment was more variable, and the mean-SSC in the sub-catchment varied from 1058 g m−3 in the 1980s to 1256 g m−3 in the 1990s and 891 g m−3 in the 2000s. Reforestation significantly decreased the SSCs during low and moderate flows, whereas cultivation increased the SSCs during high flow. The sediment rating curves showed a stable relationship between the SSC and Q in the Du catchment during the three periods. However, the SSC-Q of the sub-catchment exhibited scattered relationships during the original and cultivation periods and a more linear relationship during the reforestation period.

scholarly journals A new approach for estimation suspended sediment yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lidén
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Daily Series ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Model Equations

Abstract. A semi-distributed conceptual model, HBV-SED, for estimation of total suspended sediment concentration and yield at the outlet of a catchment was developed and tested through a case study. The base of the suspended sediment model is a dynamic hydrological model, which produces daily series of areal runoff and rainfall for each sub-basin as input to the sediment routine. A lumped measure of available sediment is accumulated continuously based on a linear relationship between log-transformed values of rainfall and erosion, while discharge of suspended sediment at the sub-basin outlet is dependent on runoff and amount of stored available sediment. Four model parameter are empirically determined through calibration against observed records of suspended sediment concentration. The model was applied to a 200 km2 catchment with high altitude differences in the tropical parts of Bolivia, where recorded suspended sediment concentrations were available during a two-year period. 10,000 parameter sets were generated through a Monte Carlo procedure to evaluate the parameter sensitivity and interdependence. The predictability of the model was assessed through dividing the data record into a calibration and an independent period for which the model was validated and compared to the sediment rating curve technique. The results showed that the slope coefficients of the log-transformed model equations for accumulation and release were much stronger than the intercept coefficients. Despite and existing interdependence between the model parameters, the HBV-SED model gave clearly better results than the sediment rating curve technique for the validation period, indication that the supply-based approached has a promising future as a tool for basic engineering applications.

The Interaction of Mixing Odorants with Similar Chemical Properties: A Case Study on Ketone Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 850-851 ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Jie Min Liu ◽  
Shi Chuan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Odor Intensity ◽  
Synthetic Mixture ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common

To investigate more about the interaction of mixing odorants, a series of sensory tests were conducted using five ketones [butanone (Bu), 2-Pentanone (Pe), 2-Hexanone (Hex), 2-Heptanone (Hep), 2-Octanone (Oc)] at varying concentration levels. The determination of odor threshold (OT) was initially conducted by the triangle odor bag method (GB/T 14675, China). The odor activity values (OAVs) of individual odorants at a wide range of concentrations were derived from concentration-to-odor threshold ratios. The resulting data were then evaluated to define the empirical relationship for each ketone between the OAV and odor intensity (OI) scaling. Based on the relationships defined for each individual ketone, the OI values were estimated for a synthetic mixture of five ketones. The effect of mixing was then examined by assessing those estimated OI values with the actually measured OI values. The overall results of this study confirmed that the OI values of the synthetic mixture is not governed by the common theoretical basis (e.g., rule of additivity, synergism, or a stronger component model) but is best represented by the averaged contribution of all ketone components. Thus, the odor intensity (OI) of a given mixture sample containing odorants with similar chemical properties can be accessed through the conversion from its concentration value with the application of empirical equations instead of direct measurement by the human test panel.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document