scholarly journals Structural deviations in secondary phloem of young shoots of Spiraea beauverdiana near magma volcanoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
E O Vatserionova ◽  
A V Kopanina ◽  
I I Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Bark Structure

Abstract We performed a comparative analysis of the internal structure of the secondary phloem of one, two and three-year-old stems of Spiraea beauverdiana growing in extreme conditions of solfataric fields of Golovnin Volcano caldera and Mendeleyev Volcano and in normal conditions. The combination of environmental factors in conditions of solfataric activity, such as high temperatures in the soil and in the near-surface air, as well as saturation with gases toxic to plants, rare elements accumulating in the nearby substrate, and lack of soil moisture, interfere with normal phellogen and cambium activity. Deviations from the normal structure involve changes in the following parameters of the internal structure of a year-old stem of S. beauverdiana. Secondary phloem parameters in the studied habitats are normal, except for the length of the segments of sieve tubes, the height of single-row rays, the length of parenchymal girder; these are shorter in S. beauverdiana stems from volcanos. At two and three years of age in volcanic conditions we see reduction in the width of the secondary phloem (both conductive and non-conductive) and the diameter of the segments of sieve tubes. In samples from Golovnin Volcano we see reduction in tangential diameter, while in the samples from Mendeleyev Volcano it’s the radial diameter. We also see reduction in the height of multiple-row rays. At that age we see changes in the structure of the radial parenchyma; namely, we find no double-row rays in samples from Golovnin Volcano caldera. One of the signs of impact of volcanic activity on the bark structure is development of non-specific anomalies in the internal structure of the S. beauverdiana bark, namely, in the outer bark, or in deeper levels, such as the secondary phloem. That causes sclerification and dilatation of parenchyma, and multiple layers in some tissues.

Imaging the internal structure of trunks via multiscale phase inversion of ground-penetrating radar data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-53
Author(s):  
Lei Fu ◽  
Lanbo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Phase Inversion ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Constant Distribution

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique widely used in near-surface non-invasive detecting. It has the ability to obtaining a high-resolution internal structure of living trunks. Full wave inversion (FWI) has been widely used to reconstruct the dielectric constant and conductivity distribution for cross-well application. However, in some cases, the amplitude information is not reliable due to the antenna coupling, radiation pattern and other effects. We present a multiscale phase inversion (MPI) method, which largely matches the phase information by normalizing the magnitude spectrum; in addition, a natural multiscale approach by integrating the input data with different times is implemented to partly mitigate the local minimal problem. Two synthetic GPR datasets generated from a healthy oak tree trunk and from a decayed trunk are tested by MPI and FWI. Field GPR dataset consisting of 30 common shot GPR data are acquired on a standing white oak tree (Quercus alba); the MPI and FWI methods are used to reconstruct the dielectric constant distribution of the tree cross-section. Results indicate that MPI has more tolerance to the starting model, noise level and source wavelet. It can provide a more accurate image of the dielectric constant distribution compared to the conventional FWI.

Bark Structure and Intergeneric Relationships of Some Southern African Cassinoideae (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Archer ◽  
Abraham E. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
African Species ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure

At present Cassine in southern Africa is treated in a wide sense (s.l.), including amongst others Allocassine p. p., Cassines. str., Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia, and Mystroxylon. A comparative anatomical study was made of mature bark representing 16 southern African species of Cassine s.l., and the monotypic Allocassine, Hartogiella and Maurocenia (all members of the subfamily Cassinoideae). Six bark types are distinguished on the basis of the type of sclerenchymatous elements in the secondary phloem; presence or absence of styloid crystals, e1astic threads, and sclerified phelloderm; stratified homogeneous phellem; and degree of rhytidome development. These correlate to a considerable extent with the generic subdivision of Cassine s.l. proposed by Loesener (1942) and Robson (1965). On the basis of bark anatomy and other evidence, it is proposed that the circumscription of Cassine be restricted to include only the southern African species C. peragua and C. parvifolia, and possibly Hartogiella. Crocoxylon, Elaeodendron, Lauridia and Mystroxylon should be reinstated or maintained, although with some modification of the originally defined generic limits.

scholarly journals BARK ANATOMY OF LATE PERMIAN GLOSSOPTERID TREES FROM ANTARCTICA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Decombeix ◽  
Edith L. Taylor ◽  
Thomas N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Late Permian ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Extinct Group ◽  
First Time

The Glossopteridales are an extinct group of seed plants that dominated Gondwanan floras during the Permian. Their remains are found across a wide range of habitats and paleolatitudes, and it is particularly interesting to understand the anatomical characteristics that might have enabled such an extensive distribution. Here, we document for the first time the bark anatomy of high-latitude glossopteridalean trees using peels and thin sections made from a Late Permian trunk from Skaar Ridge, Antarctica. The bark is 3 cm thick. The secondary phloem is composed of sieve cells, axial and ray parenchyma, and fibers arranged in discontinuous unicellular tangential layers. The outer bark is a rhytidome, with numerous alternating layers of periderm and non-conducting secondary phloem showing some proliferation of the axial parenchyma. Successive periderms mostly run parallel to the cambium, with some longitudinal undulation and rare connections between two periderms. A similar anatomy was observed in bark fragments found isolated in the matrix or closely associated with large glossopterid stems or roots. The anatomy of the Skaar Ridge specimens shows that Antarctic Glossopteridales had a relatively thick, probably stringy bark. The retention of a significant amount of insulating dead bark tissue on the trunk likely provided protection of the cambium, conducting secondary phloem, and potential latent buds against biotic and abiotic environmental hazards (fire, frost, scalding, insects, etc.) and may have contributed to the extensive paleolatitudinal distribution of the Glossopteridales during the Permian.

The structure of a talus-derived rock glacier deduced from its hydrology

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1422-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Flow Structures ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Rock Glacier ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hydrological Parameters ◽  
Physical Evidence

The paper presents the results of an experiment in the use of hydrological parameters to study the internal structure of a rock glacier. The rock glacier selected for the study lies at the head of Grizzly Creek in the southwest Yukon Territory. The hydrological network suggests two independent drainage systems, which demonstrate the occurrence of a planar impervious structure at depth and independent lines of drainage controlled by the flow structures in the near-surface deposits. Chemical changes in the water are inconclusive with respect to the evaluation of ice contents of the landform although the physical evidence strongly suggests no massive ice component. Chemical characteristics of each drainage system are sufficiently different that chemical tests can be used to differentiate sources of the drainage.

Seasonal Changes in Callose Levels and Fluorescein Translocation in the Phloem of Vitis Vinifera L.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Aloni ◽  
Carol A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
First Year ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Radial Gradient ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Sieve Plates

The secondary phloem of Vitis vinifera L. is characterised by a radial gradient of sieve tube diameters. Sieve tubes maturing early in the growing season have the largest diameters; those maturing late in the season have the smallest. In early spring, masses of winter dormancy callose are gradually digested in a polar radial pattern, proceeding outwards from the cambium. The fluorescent dye, fluorescein, was used to detect translocation in sieve tubes. During spring, dye translocation was first observed in the wider sieve tubes produced near the end of the previous year and wh ich had reduced amounts of callose. But translocation was not observed in the very narrow sieve tubes formed at the end of the year although they were the first to be callose free. The reactivated sieve tubes functioned for about one month. New sieve tubes differentiated three weeks after dormancy callose breakdown and started to function about one week later, so that the transition of translocation activity from the sieve tubes of the previous year to those of the current year is relatively rapid. The sieve tubes formed toward the end of the growing season (but not the narrowest ones formed at the very end of the season) function during parts of two successive seasons, while the sieve tubes forrned early in the season usually function during the first year only. Callose amounts increase gradually during summer in both the old and new sieve tubes and become relatively heavy in the old ones. At this developmental stage, translocation occurs through young sieve plates with relatively high callose deposits.

Winter Injury to Grapevine Secondary Phloem and Cambium Impairs Budbreak, Cambium Activity, and Yield Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzalez Antivilo ◽  
Rosalía Cristina Paz ◽  
Jorge Tognetti ◽  
Markus Keller ◽  
Martín Cavagnaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Yield Formation

Bark Structure of Deciduous Broad-Leaved Trees Grown in the San'in Region, Japan

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Furuno
Keyword(s):  
Individual Species ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Broadleaved Tree Species ◽  
Broadleaved Tree ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
Diffuse Distribution

The bark anatomy of 55 deciduous broadleaved tree species from the San'in Region is described. Anatomical features of ray and axial parenchyma cells, phloem fibres, and sclereids are tabulated. Individual species have their own characteristic bark structure. The diversity in tissue arrangement in the secondary phloem could be classified according to the following types: 1a. Phloem fibres in concentric bands alternating with bands ofaxial parenchyma devoid of crystals and sieve elements; 1b. Fibre-sclereids (sclerotic fibres) in concentric bands; 2. As 1a, but fibre bands f1anked by chambered crystalliferous parenchyma; 3a. Broad rays sclerified and extending fanwise or with a very large clump of sclereids; 3b. In species with only narrow wood rays, part of the rays dilated to produce fanwise extensions; 4. Aggregate rays with fanwise extensions; 5. Phloem fibres in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 6. Phloem sclereids in round or spindle-shaped clusters or irregular, short bands; 7. Diffuse distribution of all phloem elements; 8. Convergence ofrays towards the cortex.

scholarly journals Anatomical atlas of Panchavalkala – effective healing five bark drugs in gynaecological disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Mallya Suma V ◽  
◽  
Suchitra Prabhu ◽  
U Vishwanatha ◽  
KN Sunil Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽  
Thespesia Populnea ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Similar Appearance

About: Panchavalkala is a combination of five bark drugs indicated in wide range of therapeutics in Ayurveda. These are the barks of five trees ie. Nyagrodha (Ficus benghalensis L.), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa L.), Ashwatha (Ficus religiosa L.), Plaksha (Ficus lacor Buch. Ham.), Parisha (Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Correa). Barks of these trees are dried in shade and are used for different formulations, in different pathological conditions, especially as wound healing and gynaecological disorders. Because of similar appearance of these five barks usually said to be adulterated with other barks of same species. Macro-microscopic works done under scientific guidelines are easy evident sources to prevent such problems. Materials and Methods: Bark samples of PVK were collected from their natural habitat, authenticated using floras and botanist’s opinion. Macro-microscopic features of these samples were taken as per standard protocol. Results: Bark samples of PVK were thick and fibrous except T. populnea which was thick with transverse crack and fissure, whereas bark of F. racemosa was mucilaginous and F. lacor had transversely arranged lip shaped lenticels on outer surface. Wide secondary phloem and masses of stone cells; thick lignified cortical cells, secondary phloem with sieve tubes and laticiferous cells in the region of phloem were marked histological features of F. religiosa and F. racemosa respectively. F. benghalensis shows a wide secondary cortex with groups of stone cells, pitted cells while a wide secondary phloem is the feature of F. lacor. Starch grain, crystals of calcium oxalate, stone cells were common among powder characters of each sample of PVK.

Comparative Bark Anatomy of Root and Stem in Styrax Camporum (Styracaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado ◽  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Berta Lange de Morretes ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Sieve Plates ◽  
Bark Anatomy

The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots have layered secondary phloem; short sieve tubes with simple, transverse or more or less inclined sieve plates; fibres in tangential bands; astrosclereids; wide rays, and a poorly developed periderm. Stems have non-layered secondary phloem; longer sieve tubes with compound, scalariform, inclined sieve plates; sclerified cells and brachysclereids; a developed periderm, and a non-persistent rhytidome. Prismatic crystals, starch grains, phenolic compounds and lipidic contents were observed in root and stem bark cells. The differences between the secondary phloem of root and stem are discussed.

Bark Structure and Preferential Bark Utilisation by the African Elephant

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Malan ◽  
Abraham E. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
African Elephant ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Hypo Thesis ◽  
Preferred Species ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
Preferential Feeding

Bark fracture properties are thought to influence the debarking of selected trees by the African elephant. This hypo thesis was tested for large riverine tree species in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, Botswana. An index of bark breakage strength and pliability of secondary phloem tissue was compiled for 11 common riverine species, and the bark anatomy of these species was investigated to determine relative fibrosity. The majority of species preferred by elephants have strong and pliable barks, associated with a high proportion of fibres. However, not all preferred species have these characteristics, which indicates that factors other than bark fracture properties affect species preference. Bark structure influences the way pieces of bark are stripped from a tree trunk during debarking. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate further studies on the effects of bark structure on the preferential feeding behaviour of the African elephant.

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