scholarly journals Non-destructive Testing of Wooden Elements

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032058
Author(s):  
Monika Zielińska ◽  
Magdalena Rucka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Thermal Techniques ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Examining the condition of wooden elements is crucial from the perspective of proper structure performance. If the deterioration in the internal wood condition, which displays no symptoms visible from the outside, is detected, the further spread of the deterioration can be prevented. Test results often point to the necessity of conducting repairs and, renovations, replacing the structure of wooden beams, or even substituting a significant part of the structure. To achieve acceptable results, test methods should take into account the anisotropic nature of wood, which includes the shape of annual rings, as well as the location of the core in crosssection. To adopt methods based on physical effects, profound knowledge of wood physics is needed, particularly of interdependence. Apart from simple tests such as a visual inspection or tapping that are used to determine near-surface defects, non-destructive testing (NDT) plays an important role in the process. This paper presents the methods of non-destructive testing of wooden elements. These methods include tests conducted with ground penetrating radar (GPR), thermal techniques, microwaves, acoustic emission, ultrasonic tomography, and X-ray tomography. The paper summarises the use of non-destructive methods, indicating their advantages, disadvantages as well as some limitations.

scholarly journals The Defect Analysis of Carbonsteel Pipe Welding Connections Using Non-Destructive Testing with the Penetrant Test Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Nur Ichsan Sumardani ◽  
Ngainun Ibnu Setiawan ◽  
Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin ◽  
Dadan Sumardani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Pipe Welding ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Penetrant Testing

In a welding process carried out on metallic materials is sometimes found defects in the material being tested, it is caused by many factors, such as the lack of good materials used and the lack of perfection of the welding process. At testing, it aims to know the surface defects in carbonsteel pipes to know the defects arising after welding. This test is performed with non-destructive tests (NDT) using Dye Penetrant testing method. This test uses 3 types of liquids, including; Cleaner, Penetrant, and developer. The results of these tests will then be observed whether defects occur after welding and what factors affect it. From the test, results there are known 10 locations defects on the surface of the carbonsteel pipe welding with a type of rounded indication of defects that are then followed up by re-welding on indications of such defects.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Eddy-Current and Radar Methods Used in Reinforcement Detection

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Drobiec ◽  
Radosław Jasiński ◽  
Wojciech Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Close Spacing ◽  
Design Resistance ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

This article presents results from non-destructive testing (NDT) that referred to the location and diameter or rebars in beam and slab members. The aim of paper was to demonstrate that the accuracy and deviations of the NDT methods could be higher than the allowable execution or standard deviations. Tests were conducted on autoclaved aerated concrete beam and nine specimens that were specially prepared from lightweight concrete. The most advanced instruments that were available on the market were used to perform tests. They included two electromagnetic scanners and one ground penetrating radar (GPR). The testing equipment was used to analyse how the rebar (cover) location affected the detection of their diameters and how their mutual spacing influenced the detected quantity of rebars. The considerations included the impact of rebar depth on cover measurements and the spread of obtained results. Tests indicated that the measurement error was clearly greater when the rebars were located at very low or high depths. It could lead to the improper interpretation of test results, and consequently to the incorrect estimation of the structure safety based on the design resistance analysis. Electromagnetic and radar devices were unreliable while detecting the reinforcement of small (8 and 10 mm) diameters at close spacing (up to 20 mm) and of large (20 mm) diameters at a close spacing and greater depths. Recommendations for practical applications were developed to facilitate the evaluation of a structure.

Assessment of influence of surface crack-like stress concentrators on main pipeline operability

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Александрович Неганов ◽  
Евгений Евгеньевич Зорин ◽  
Николай Евгеньевич Зорин
Keyword(s):  
Surface Crack ◽  
Surface Defect ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Stress Concentrators ◽  
Trunk Pipeline ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Twofold Excess

Устранение поверхностных трещиноподобных дефектов типа «риска» на участках подводных переходов магистральных трубопроводов возможно методом вышлифовки на глубину до 20 % толщины трубы. Ранее было подтверждено, что в подводных условиях все основные методы неразрушающего контроля позволяют стабильно выявлять имеющиеся в зоне вышлифовки произвольно ориентированные поверхностные дефекты протяженностью от 20 мм и глубиной от 1,5 мм. Однако при меньших геометрических параметрах дефектов имеется вероятность их неполного устранения либо необнаружения. Для оценки возможности эксплуатации трубопровода с поверхностным дефектом с учетом принятых режимов диагностики проведены циклические испытания по критериям механики разрушений полноразмерных образцов с нанесенными в зоне вышлифовки поверхностными трещиноподобными концентраторами напряжений указанных размеров. Все группы образцов показали более чем двукратное превышение длительности инкубационного периода развития трещины по сравнению с количеством циклов нагружения, которое может испытать трубопровод за средний межинспекционный период эксплуатации. По результатам испытаний подтверждена возможность проведения ремонта поверхностных трещиноподобных дефектов типа «риска» на подводных переходах магистральных трубопроводов с различным сроком эксплуатации методом вышлифовки без установки кессона на ремонтируемый участок. Elimination of surface crack-like defects of the “risk” type on underwater crossing sections of trunk pipelines is possible by grinding to a depth of up to 20 % of pipe thickness. Previously, it was confirmed that in underwater conditions, all main non-destructive testing methods make it possible to stably identify randomly oriented surface defects in the grinding zone with a length of 20 mm and a depth of 1.5 mm. However, with smaller geometric parameters of defects, there is a possibility of their incomplete elimination or non-detection. To assess the possibility of operating a pipeline with surface defect, taking into account the accepted diagnostic modes, cyclic tests were carried out according to the fracture mechanics criteria of full-size specimens with surface crack-like stress concentrators of the indicated sizes applied in the grinding zone. All groups of samples showed more than a twofold excess of the duration of crack development incubation period in comparison with the number of loading cycles that the pipeline can experience during the average inter-inspection period of operation. Based on the test results, the possibility of repairing surface crack-like defects of the “risk” type at trunk pipeline underwater crossings with different service life by grinding without installing a caisson on the repaired section was confirmed.

scholarly journals Non-destructive and semi-destructive diagnostics of concrete structures in assessment of their durability

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hoła ◽  
J. Bień ◽  
Ł. Sadowski ◽  
K. Schabowicz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract This paper proposes a comprehensive classification of test methods for the diagnosis of concrete structures. The main focus is on the ranges of suitability of the particular methods and techniques for assessing the durability of structures, depending on the principal degradation mechanisms and their effects on this durability. The survey covers non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, which do not in any way breach the integrity of the tested structures, and semi-destructive testing (SDT) methods requiring material samples to be taken or any other minor breach of structural integrity. An original taxonomy of physical, chemical and biological diagnostic methods, useful in assessment of concrete structures durability, is proposed. Equipment specific for selected advanced testing methods is presented as well as exemplary test results.

INSPECTION BY ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY (UT) LEADING TREND IN WELDING JOINT MONITORING

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Amizan Abd. Rahman ◽  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob ◽  
Jaysuman Pusppanathan ◽  
Fazlul Rahman Mohd Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Imaging Result ◽  
Welding Steel ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Non Destructive

Welding work is a connection process between the structure and the materials. This process is used in the construction, maintenance and repair especially mechanical engineering. This study discusses the type of welding used in the industry, mainly involving the pipeline welds. On-demand need to every work process when finishing weld requires quality tests to ensure compliance to the standards required. Monitoring through the display image has long been used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Various methods of monitoring used in NDT focused on Ultrasonic Tomography (UT) as a method used in NDT and as an option for the future. Previous imaging result was in two-dimensional (2D) and then upgraded to a three-dimensional image (3D). Besides, there is potential of 3D imaging beyond the existing limits in terms of size, material thickness, especially for welding steel pipes. Achievement through research of existing pipe size so far outside diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 5.8 mm should be limited in view of the obstacles to enhanced image resolution is less effective when compared to other tomography methods.

scholarly journals Editorial for the Special Issue “Advanced Techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging”

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3696
Author(s):  
Yuri Álvarez López ◽  
María García-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Radar Imaging ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Subsurface Sensing ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Non Destructive

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has become one of the key technologies in subsurface sensing and, in general, in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), since it is able to detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets [...]

scholarly journals Lab Non Destructive Test to Analyze the Effect of Corrosion on Ground Penetrating Radar Scans

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sossa ◽  
Pérez-Gracia ◽  
González-Drigo ◽  
Rasol
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Reflected Wave ◽  
Dense Grid ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Non Destructive

Corrosion is a significant damage in many reinforced concrete structures, mainly in coastal areas. The oxidation of embedded iron or steel elements degrades rebar, producing a porous layer not adhered to the metallic surface. This process could completely destroy rebar. In addition, the concrete around the metallic targets is also damaged, and a dense grid of fissures appears around the oxidized elements. The evaluation of corrosion is difficult in early stages, because damage is usually hidden. Non-destructive testing measurements, based on non-destructive testing (NDT) electric and magnetic surveys, could detect damage as consequence of corrosion. The work presented in this paper is based in several laboratory tests, which are centered in defining the effect of different corrosion stage on ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals. The analysis focuses on the evaluation of the reflected wave amplitude and its behavior. The results indicated that an accurate analysis of amplitude decay and intensity could most likely reveal an approach to the state of degradation of the embedded metallic targets because GPR images exhibit characteristics that depend on the effects of the oxidized rebar and the damaged concrete. These characteristics could be detected and measured in some cases. One important feature is referred to as the reflected wave amplitude. In the case of corroded targets, this amplitude is lower than in the case of reflection on non-oxidized surfaces. Additionally, in some cases, a blurred image appears related to high corrosion. The results of the tests highlight the higher amplitude decay of the cases of specimens with corroded elements.

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