Occurrence oftcrB, a Transferable Copper Resistance Gene, in Fecal Enterococci of Swine

ABSTRACT Enterococci from pigs in Denmark, Spain, and Sweden were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and copper and the presence of selected resistance genes. The greatest levels of resistance were found among isolates from Spain and Denmark compared to those from Sweden, which corresponds to the amounts of antimicrobial agents used in food animal production in those countries. Similar genes were found to encode resistance in the different countries, but the tet(L) and tet(S) genes were more frequently found among isolates from Spain. A recently identified transferable copper resistance gene was found in all copper-resistant isolates from the different countries.

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Characterization of a unique copper resistance gene cluster in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris isolated in Trinidad, West Indies

European Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10658-016-1035-2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 147 (3) ◽

pp. 671-681 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Franklin Behlau ◽

Alberto M. Gochez ◽

Alshia Janel Lugo ◽

Winston Elibox ◽

Gerald V. Minsavage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Cluster ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

West Indies ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Copper Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene Cluster ◽

Copper Resistance Gene ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

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Effects of In-Feed Copper, Chlortetracycline, and Tylosin on the Prevalence of Transferable Copper Resistance Gene,tcrB, Among Fecal Enterococci of Weaned Piglets

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease ◽

10.1089/fpd.2015.1961 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 670-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Raghavendra G. Amachawadi ◽

H. Morgan Scott ◽

Javier Vinasco ◽

Mike D. Tokach ◽

Steve S. Dritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Copper Resistance ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Copper Resistance Gene

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tcrB, a Gene Conferring Transferable Copper Resistance in Enterococcus faecium: Occurrence, Transferability, and Linkage to Macrolide and Glycopeptide Resistance

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.5.1410-1416.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 1410-1416 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Henrik Hasman ◽

Frank M. Aarestrup

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Copper Resistance ◽

Conjugative Plasmid ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Glycopeptide Resistance ◽

Copper Resistance Gene ◽

Infusion Agar

ABSTRACT A newly discovered gene, designated tcrB, which is located on a conjugative plasmid conferring acquired copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium, was identified in an isolate from a pig. The tcrB gene encodes a putative protein belonging to the CPx-type ATPase family with homology (46%) to the CopB protein from Enterococcus hirae. The tcrB gene was found in E. faecium isolated from pigs (75%), broilers (34%), calves (16%), and humans (10%) but not in isolates from sheep. Resistant isolates, containing the tcrB gene, grew on brain heart infusion agar plates containing up to 28 mM CuSO4 compared to only 4 mM for the susceptible isolates. Copper resistance, and therefore the presence of the tcrB gene, was strongly correlated to macrolide and glycopeptide resistance in isolates from pigs, and the tcrB gene was shown to be located on the same conjugative plasmid as the genes responsible for resistance to these two antimicrobial agents. The frequent occurrence of this new copper resistance gene in isolates from pigs, where copper sulfate is being used in large amounts as feed additive, suggests that the use of copper has selected for resistance.

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The tcrB gene is part of the tcrYAZB operon conferring copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.28109-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 151 (9) ◽

pp. 3019-3025 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Henrik Hasman

Keyword(s):

Binding Sites ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Copper Sulphate ◽

Copper Resistance ◽

Putative Promoter ◽

Promoter Probe ◽

Copper Resistance Gene ◽

Promoter Probe Vector ◽

Isogenic Strains ◽

Sublethal Concentrations

The plasmid-localized tcrB (transferable copper-resistance gene B) gene from Enterococcus faecium was identified to be part of an operon called the tcrYAZB operon, which has a genetic organization similar to the copYZAB copper-homeostasis gene cluster from Enterococcus hirae. Putative promoter (P tcr )- and repressor-binding sites highly similar to the E. hirae cop-promoter region were identified upstream of the tcrYAZB genes. The P tcr promoter was cloned in both the absence and the presence of the proximal repressor-encoding tcrY gene into a promoter-probe vector. Induction of the promoter was shown in liquid growth medium containing increasing concentrations of copper sulphate. To determine the growth advantage conferred by the tcrYAZB genes in a copper environment, a tcr-deletion mutant was isolated, and its growth was compared with that of its copper-resistant ancestor (strain A17sv1) in sublethal concentrations of copper sulphate. A competition assay using these two isogenic strains showed that copper sulphate concentrations of 3 mmol l−1 and above are sufficient to select for copper resistance.

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Distribution of copper resistance gene variants of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/160/2020-pps ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yi-Ru Lai ◽

Chih-Hung Lin ◽

Chun-Pi Chang ◽

Hui-Fang Ni ◽

Wen-Shi Tsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Copper Resistance ◽

The Other ◽

Bacterial Spot ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Foliar Sprays ◽

Sensitive Isolate ◽

Copper Resistance Gene ◽

Alternative Measures ◽

Citrus Bacterial Canker

In Taiwan, numerous crops are threatened by Xanthomonas diseases such as citrus bacterial canker caused by X. citri subsp. citri and tomato bacterial spot mainly caused by X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Foliar sprays of copper-based bactericides have been frequently used for control of plant bacterial diseases. However, in Taiwan not much attention was paid on copper-resistant (CuR) Xanthomonas spp. and their impact on disease control efficacy of copper-based bactericides. In this study, CuR Xanthomonas isolates were collected from citrus and tomato in Taiwan. Compared with the pronounced effect on the copper sensitive isolate, spraying of copper hydroxide at the recommended rate of 0.5 kg/ha could not protect tomato plants against bacterial spot caused by the CuR isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated copper resistance genes, copL, copA, and copB, indicate that the Taiwanese CuR isolates belong to the worldwide clade. In addition to the three previously reported variants of the copB gene, analysis of complete copB sequences from xanthomonads associated with citrus and solanaceous hosts revealed the other three variants of copB and their global distribution. Copper-resistant Xanthomonas isolates from Taiwan have the two unreported variants of copB genes which differ from the other three previously reported types in the sizes and structures. The information provided here reveals the necessity to develop and include alternative measures rather than relying on foliar sprays of copper bactericides for sustainable control of tomato bacterial spot in Taiwan.

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