Arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell., syn. Brassica eruca L.), is an annual cruciferous crop that is increasingly grown for fresh consumption in Serbia. In November 2018, a few detached leaves of cultivated arugula originating from a local producer, showing necrotic lesions, were observed in a fresh vegetable market in Belgrade, Serbia. Information about the disease incidence and severity was not available. Intensity of the observed symptoms was low, but it could be a consequence of the produce quality selection for the market. The leaves developed irregular chlorotic lesions starting from the leaf edge, and tissue within some of them turned dark brown and necrotic (Fig. 1a). From the lesions on different leaves, smooth, bright yellow pigmented, round and opalescent bacterial colonies were isolated on nutrient agar (NA) medium after 72 h of incubation at 26°C. Six bacterial isolates, obtained from three leaf subsamples which induced hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun), were selected for further studies. On yeast - dextrose – CaCO3 medium, the strains formed characteristic creamy yellow, mucoid, opaque and convex colonies. All isolates were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-fluorescent and catalase positive, did not produce oxidase nor arginine dehydrolase, and did not show pectynolitic activity on potato tuber slices. They hydrolyzed starch, gelatine and esculin, used glucose and sucrose, but not arabinose as a carbon source, and did not reduce nitrates. They grew at 36°C, and tolerated 5% NaCl and 0.02% triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (Lelliott and Stead, 1987). These growth characteristics were similar as for the reference Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain KFB 105, used in all tests as a positive control (Obradović et al., 2000). The isolates were further characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers DLH120/DLH125, specific for the hrpF gene region of X. campestris according to Berg et al. (2005). Specific DNA fragment of 619 bp was amplified for all tested isolates. Amplification and partial sequencing of the gyrB gene of four isolates was performed using set of primers described by Parkinson et al. (2007). All obtained partial gyrB sequences were identical to each other. According to BLAST analysis (GenBank Acc. Nos. MW508894 - MW508897) they shared 100% of sequence identity with different Xcc strains and 99.5 % with the X.c. pv. raphani pathotype strain, deposited in the NCBI GenBank database. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by spraying leaves of 3-week old E. sativa seedlings grown in a commercial potting mix in a greenhouse, with a 24 h-old bacterial culture suspended in sterile distilled water (107 CFU/ml). Xcc strain KFB 105 was used as positive and sterile distilled water as negative control. Inoculated plants were incubated under plastic bags for 48 h and further maintained in a greenhouse at approx. 28°C. On inoculated plants, chlorotic lesions, spreading from the leaf margins, further coalescing into irregular, V-shaped tissue necrosis associated with blackening of veins, developed up to two weeks after inoculation (Fig. 1b, c). The colonies reisolated from symptomatic leaves were identified using PCR, as described above. Based on studied characteristics, all six isolates associated with arugula leaf lesions in Serbia belong to a clonal population. They were identified as X. campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot, a major disease affecting crucifers, including arugula worldwide (Romero et al., 2008; Rosenthal, et al., 2018). So far, it has been described on Brassica oleracea and B. napus in Serbia (Obradović et al., 2001; Popović et al., 2019). This is the first report of Xcc infecting arugula in this country. The severity of the symptoms developed on artificially inoculated plants indicated significant potential of the pathogen to affect arugula crop in conditions favoring infection. Being a minor crop, accurate information about severity of arugula diseases in Serbia is not available. Lack of crop rotation and close proximity of other Xcc host species on a farm could contribute to further spreading of this problem. Follow up of this arugula disease should reveal the distribution, population structure and genetic diversity of Xcc strains affecting this crop in Serbia.
Early Defense Mechanisms of Brassica oleracea in Response to Attack by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris