The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Haider-Markel
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Lgbt Politics ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Lgbt People

This encyclopedia reviews and interprets a broad array of social science and humanities research on LGBT people, politics, and public policy around the world. The articles are organized around six major themes of the study of identity politics, with a focus on movement politics, public attitudes, political institutions, elections, and the broader context of political theory. Under the editorial directorship of Donald P. Haider-Markel and associate editors Carlos Ball, Gary Mucciaroni, Bruno Perreau, Craig A. Rimmerman, and Jami K. Taylor, this publication brings together peer-reviewed contributions by leading researchers and offers a the most comprehensive view of research on LGBT politics and policy to date. As a result, the Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy is a necessary resource for students and as well as both new and established scholars.

Reinvigorating Democracy in the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Gráinne de Búrca
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Or

This chapter begins with a brief summary of two sets of democratic challenge facing Europe—the original ‘democratic deficit’ of the EU and the more recent growth of populist illiberalism—which have in common the erosion of trust in conventional political institutions and processes. It considers these democratic challenges alongside another contemporary phenomenon, namely the growth of interest in alternative forms of citizen participation, whether deliberative, popular, digital, or other, in various parts of the world. The chapter moves on to examine in more detail a recent experiment with deliberative citizen participation in one EU Member State, namely Ireland’s use of citizens’ assemblies to introduce constitutional and public policy change, and asks whether Ireland’s experience could offer any possible lessons to address some aspects of the EU’s democratic ills.

Beliefs and Stereotypes About LGBT People

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary R. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
Lgbt Individuals

The public’s perception of, beliefs about, and interest in LGBT individuals and the issues impacting them has long had great significance to the community’s social, political, and legal progress. The last decade has seen monumental changes in public attitudes about LGBT people and the laws that affect them in the United States and around the world. Much of this change has been positive, including the landmark Supreme Court decision to legalize same-sex marriage. In some parts of the world—even those that have witnessed great strides for LGBT equality—there have also been signs of a backlash against the community’s newfound rights and visibility in society. Stereotypes of LGBT individuals, mostly negative, have been responsible for much of this reaction, as well as their historically negative view in by the public. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the mass media has played a major role in creating and perpetuating these stereotypes.

LGBT Politics and the Legislative Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Haider-Markel ◽  
Abigail Vegter
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Family Experience ◽  
National State ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Lgbt Politics ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
Hiv Aids

National, state, and local legislatures develop and debate most of the LGBT-related public policy in U.S. legislatures, which is also where LGBT groups can often best represent the interests of their community, even if the outcomes are not always ideal. Most of the progress on legislation that expands protections for LGBT people has occurred when advocates can garner at least some bipartisan support, and some issues, such as HIV/AIDS, have attracted significantly more bipartisan support. Although Democratic legislators have tended to be more supportive than Republican legislators, legislator behavior is influenced by a variety of forces, including constituency opinion, interest groups and lobbyists, and religious traditions, as well as personal and family experience.

Global Anti-LGBT Politics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Adam
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Christian Morality ◽  
The World ◽  
Lgbt Politics ◽  
Global North ◽  
Major Transformation ◽  
Lgbt People

Anti-LGBT politics around the world have undergone a major transformation over the last half century. While European powers once held themselves up as defenders of Christian morality and patriarchy, characterizing Asia, Africa, and the Americas as locations of sexual disorder, in the 21st century many of the countries of the Global South construct LGBT sexualities as pathological, threatening, or criminal, while many countries of the Global North incorporate sexual orientation in a discourse of human rights, democracy, and individual freedom. Many of the social forces of nationalism and populism of the early 21st century place the well-being of LGBT citizens in jeopardy, and conflicts between these divergent visions of the good society continue to have grave consequences for LGBT people around the world.

The Failure of Pacifism and the Success of Nonviolence

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Ells Howes
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Empirical Social Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Close Relationship

Although pacifism and nonviolence bear a close relationship to one another historically, pacifism is the ideological assertion that war and violence should be rejected in political and personal life, whereas nonviolence refers to a distinct set of political practices. Unlike other modern ideologies such as liberalism and socialism, pacifism has never gained widespread acceptance among a significant portion of humanity and seems to remain a minority position among most of the peoples of the world. Even among those who use nonviolent techniques, the conventional wisdom that physical violence is necessary under certain circumstances often prevails. However, a growing body of empirical evidence shows that the methods of nonviolence are more likely to succeed than methods of violence across a wide variety of circumstances and that more people are using nonviolence around the world. At the same time, both the effectiveness of military and material superiority in achieving political ends and the incidence of warfare and violence appear to be waning. In a remarkable example of convergence between empirical social science and political theory, explanations for the effectiveness of nonviolence relative to violence point to a people-centered understanding of power. This research can provide a basis for a reinvigorated and pragmatic brand of pacifism that refocuses the attention of political scientists on the organization, actions, and loyalties of people as opposed to technologies of domination and destruction.

Japan and Russia: Bureaucratic Politics in a Comparative Context

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Relative Capacity ◽  
The Revolution

The papers by Bernard S. Silberman and Alfred J. Rieber raise two categories of problems which interact to illuminate some central issues of comparative social science. One category of issues concerns the relative ability of Japan and Russia in terms of their heritage of political institutions to take advantage of opportunities for development offered by the revolution in science and technology; and the relative capacity of these two countries in this regard as compared both with the earlier-modernizing Western societies and with those in other parts of the world that modernized later. Japan and Russia are one of the pairs of countries that can offer the most fruitful point of departure for wide-ranging comparisons.

Pursuing Equal Opportunities: The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-512
Author(s):  
Shaun P. Young
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Egalitarian Justice

Pursuing Equal Opportunities: The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice, Lesley A. Jacobs, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xiv, 280.The concept of equality and the precise means by which it is most effectively realized are matters that for centuries have engaged scholars representing a variety of disciplines and animated some of the most interesting and sophisticated works in the fields of political theory, economics, sociology, and jurisprudence, to name only a few. Efforts to identify the specific demands of equality and the conditions necessary for its realization generate both theoretical and practical challenges. In particular, before one can develop a theory of egalitarian justice, it is necessary to determine what is meant by equality—what it provides and for whom—and which legal and political institutions are best suited to help secure its establishment and preservation.

Europe’s LGBT Movement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Page
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Lgbt Rights ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lgbt Politics ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Lgbt People

Research on LGBT+ politics in Europe grew over the past few decades, paralleling societal changes regarding increased support for LGBT+ people. Competing examples of the two themes that are structured by support of LGBT+ people regarding LGBT+ rights, “progress/advancement” and “backlash/losses,” show the growing substantiation of gay rights and tolerance over the past few decades. Political debates regarding LGBT+ rights also have engendered more organized opposition to LGBT+ rights, often in the form of right-wing movements. Studies often are structured around public opinion, policy/legislation, or social movements. Critical theory regarding LGBT+ politics in Europe unpacks the implications of contemporary identity categories and political activities (that structure political science research), and the resulting exclusions especially with regard to gender identity. The following research objectives can help expand the study of LGBT+ politics in Europe: (1) to build from existing historical research regarding the social and legal construction of gender, sexuality, and the regulation of homosexuality, (2) to situate Europe in a global context which shows that European states increased persecution against homosexuality around the world, (3) to carry out more explicitly intersectional studies that show how groups representing multiple identities and institutional contexts can cooperate when facing intersecting sources of marginalization, and (4) to illuminate how sexual violence can stem from political institutions and recognize sexual violence as a central component of gender and sexuality.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 201-202
Author(s):  
Mark Bevir ◽  
Jason Blakely
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Empirical Inquiry ◽  
Humanistic Approach ◽  
Interpretive Turn

Anti-naturalism’s effect on the study of human behavior and society is profound and comprehensive. In terms of empirical inquiry, a new approach to explanation and concept formation is generated. In terms of normative inquiry, the wall dividing the study of values versus facts comes tumbling down. Where naturalism built barriers separating ethics, political theory, and social science, anti-naturalism instead builds bridges and opens access to areas of mutual concern. An interpretive turn also generates a uniquely humanistic approach to civic life, democracy, and public policy....

LGBT Rights in the Former Soviet Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 232-248
Author(s):  
Cai Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality ◽  
Current State ◽  
Lgbt Politics ◽  
Lgbt Activism ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Second Wave

This chapter examines how LGBT politics have evolved in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and other countries of the former Soviet Union since 1991. Using the concept of visibility as an analytical lens, it charts the changing experiences of LGBT people and public attitudes toward homosexuality and gender identity through three distinct phases: first from erasure to invisibility in the 1990s and early 2000s, then increasing in visibility in the 2000s with the emergence of the region’s second wave of LGBT activism, and finally the current state of hypervisibility as state-sponsored political homophobia has intensified. For each stage, the main features of the configuration of a post-Soviet “regime of visibility” are outlined, charting the parallel development of activism and resistance and their interactions. The chapter concludes by considering the geotemporalities of post-Soviet LGBT politics and the insights that this region offers for both practices and understandings of global LGBT activism.

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