Autism, Neurodiversity, and Inclusive Education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Acevedo ◽  
Emily A. Nusbaum
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Mainstream Classrooms ◽  
Inclusive Schools ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Self ◽  
Neurological Differences ◽  
Self Authorship

A brief history of the emergence of the inclusive schools movement demonstrates its reliance on the pathologizing paradigms that are both the foundations and frameworks of traditional special education. Throughout this recent history, the utilization of a positivist approach to research and practice for autistic students, both those who are segregated and those who have access to mainstream classrooms, has maintained a person-fixing ideology. Instead, a neurodiversity framework adopts an integrative approach, drawing on the psychosocial, cultural, and political elements that effectively disrupt the systematic categorization of alternative neurological and cognitive embodiment(s) and expressions as a host of threatening “disorders” that must be dealt with by cure, training, masking, and/or behavioral interventions to be implemented in the classroom. Centering the personal, lived experiences and perspectives of autistic and otherwise neurodivergent activists and scholars affiliated with the U.S. neurodiversity movement offers an emancipatory lens for representing and embodying neurological differences beyond traditional special education’s deficit-based discourses and practices. This emphasis on political advocacy and cultural self-authorship effectively challenges unexamined, universalizing assumptions about whose bodyminds are “educable” and under what auspices “educability” is conceptualized and written into special-education curricula.

scholarly journals Historical Background of Inclusive Education Development in the Nordic Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andriichuk
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Education Development ◽  
History Of

The article analyzes and interprets the comprehensive presentation of the development of inclusive education in some Nordic countries, namely Sweden, Norway and Iceland. The article states that the special education is still an alternative form of education for children with special needs who cannot attend secondary schools in the majority of the countries. Thus, the relation between inclusive and special education allows the author to draw some parallels between these two types of study to trace the transition from one to another. The author concludes that the history of inclusive education formation in Sweden, Norway and Iceland has much in common, but the Icelandic education system has characteristics which distinguish it from the two others

Meeting the Need for Inclusive Educators Online

2017 ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
Jason Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Career Development ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Inservice Teachers ◽  
Teacher Education Programs ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Teacher Shortages ◽  
Inclusive Schools

The purpose of this chapter is to detail how online courses and programs influence teacher education for both preservice and inservice inclusive educators. Specifically, this chapter will examine how online courses and programs that are focused on inclusive special education and dual certification in general and special education have the potential to address teacher shortages in special education, expand teacher competence, and provide pathways for career development. Teacher education programs have the opportunity and the civic responsibility to create courses and programs in inclusive education that are accessible, relevant to the career development needs of both preservice and inservice teachers, and promote meaningful and just education for all students in inclusive schools and classrooms.

History of Special Education in South Africa and the Challenges of Inclusive Education

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigamoney Manicka Naicker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Single System ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of Special Education ◽  
Inclusive System ◽  
History Of

Altering a dual system of education (special and ordinary) in South Africa to an inclusive system requires substantial change in terms of thinking and practice. After almost 20 years of implementing Education White Paper 6 (published by South Africa’s Department of Education in 2001), it is very important that theories, assumptions, practices, models, and tools are put under intense scrutiny for such an inclusive policy to work. Such a single system of education should develop the capacity to address barriers to learning if it wants to include all learners into the system. What are the main barriers that deprive learners from access to a single system of education and what changes should take place so that a truly inclusive system can be created? South Africa introduced seven white papers in education but all of them were implemented in ways that were not entirely influenced by the theory and practice of inclusive education. Inclusive education requires the system to change at a structural level so that mainstream education takes ownership of the ideology and practice of inclusive education. This change should bring about consistency in relation to other white papers; for example, curriculum development, early childhood education, and adult education. In implementing inclusive education, South Africa did not take seriously the various barriers to inclusion, such as curriculum, in providing access to learners who experience difficulties. Thus, an in-depth analysis of the history of special education is provided, with a view toward specifying recommendations for attempts to create the right conditions for a truly inclusive system of education in South Africa.

scholarly journals A EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL NO BRASIL: LEGISLAÇÃO E BREVE CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO

Professare ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Thiago Ribeiro ◽  
Gabriela Mesa Casa
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
History Of Special Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Moment ◽  
Education In Brazil ◽  
Do So

<p>A inclusão de pessoas com deficiência, a garantia de seus direitos, e consequentemente, o acesso à educação especial, ocorreram de forma muito lenta, tanto em nível mundial quanto no Brasil. Com intuito de contribuir na discussão sobre o tema, o objetivo do artigo é apresentar uma breve contextualização histórica da educação especial, enfatizando com maior atenção o histórico da educação especial no Brasil, além de elencar as principais legislações brasileiras referentes ao tema. Para tanto, no primeiro momento será apresentado os principais tópicos da história mundial relacionados as discussões sobre deficiência e educação inclusiva. Em seguida, será pontuado os principais momentos da educação especial no Brasil. No último tópico, nosso objetivo será apresentar uma breve exposição sobre os principais documentos legais referentes a educação especial no Brasil. Para a realização do trabalho o método utilizado foi o dialético e a pesquisa bibliográfica.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Educação especial. Legislação brasileira. Contexto histórico.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The inclusion of people with disabilities, the guarantee of their rights, and consequently, access to special education, occurred very slowly, both in the world and in Brazil. In order to contribute to the discussion about the theme, the purpose of this article is to present a brief historical context of special education, emphasizing with more attention the history of special education in Brazil, besides listing the main Brazilian legislations related to the theme. To do so, in the first moment will be presented the main topics of world history related to the discussions on disability and inclusive education. Next, the main moments of special education in Brazil will be punctuated. In the last topic, our objective will be to present a brief exposition about the main legal documents referring to special education in Brazil. For the accomplishment of the work the method used was the dialectic and the bibliographical research.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Special education. Brazilian legislation. Historical context.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing Without Labels:Culturally Defined Inclusive Education

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David F Philott
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Classroom Teacher ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
History Of

This paper will explore the place of assessment in a culturally defined paradigm of inclusive education. Given the global trend towards inclusive classrooms, defi ned by a social justice view of learner diversity, the diagnostic/prescriptive medical view of special education is becoming increasingly antiquated. What is emerging is a growing preference towards empowering the classroom teacher with the knowledge and skills to identify the authentic needs of students and to differentiate instruction to respond to those needs. In a contemporary Canadian society characterized by shifting demographics, and increasing linguistic and cultural diversity, this perspective holds particular relevance. In fact, the history of inclusive education parallels, in many ways, the history of aboriginal1 education, as typifi ed in the territory of Nunavut where a stated commitment to establishing a broader view of diversity is creating a system in which children celebrate difference. This paper explores the wealth of literature on this issue and establishes a Canadian context to present Nunavut’s model as being exemplary within this global debate.

scholarly journals Implementation of an individual educational route in inclusive practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Oksana Titova ◽  
Margarita Bratkova ◽  
Olga Karanevskaya ◽  
Elena Gravitskaya ◽  
Irma Barbakadze
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Educational Organization ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Inclusive Schools

There is currently a trend towards an increase in the number of children with special educational needs enrolled in inclusive schools. Thus, the number of children with special educational needs enrolled in inclusive schools is growing. This is caused both by significant changes in the legal regulatory framework, including the 2012 Federal Law on Education, the adoption of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education for Children with Special Needs, etc. and by the fact that in some regions the number of specialized schools is decreasing, inclusive education becomes a more affordable option for children with special education needs. School specialists, parents, and the public engage in an active dialogue about choosing the most efficient path for an educational route for special needs children, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of inclusive and special education. The design and implementation of an individual educational route, an individual curriculum is essential for children with special needs in terms of improving the quality of education and efficiently entering social life. The relevance of the study is determined by identifying the components that facilitate and complicate, hinder the development and implementation of an individual educational route for these children in an educational organization; the determination of the content of an individual educational route based on the current situation in a practical institution considering the requirements of inclusive education. The purpose of the study is to explore the problems of developing and implementing individual educational routes for children with special needs in the context of inclusion and to determine ways to solve these problems. The key methods of the study are a questionnaire and a structured interview. The empirical data confirms the assumption that the development and implementation of an individual educational route for children with special needs in an educational organization are problematic and inefficient for several reasons. The data obtained is new since similar research results have not been found in the open sources over the past five years.

Meeting the Need for Inclusive Educators Online

2022 ◽  
pp. 1004-1020
Author(s):  
Jason Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Career Development ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Inservice Teachers ◽  
Teacher Education Programs ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Teacher Shortages ◽  
Inclusive Schools

The purpose of this chapter is to detail how online courses and programs influence teacher education for both preservice and inservice inclusive educators. Specifically, this chapter will examine how online courses and programs that are focused on inclusive special education and dual certification in general and special education have the potential to address teacher shortages in special education, expand teacher competence, and provide pathways for career development. Teacher education programs have the opportunity and the civic responsibility to create courses and programs in inclusive education that are accessible, relevant to the career development needs of both preservice and inservice teachers, and promote meaningful and just education for all students in inclusive schools and classrooms.

scholarly journals Contemporary Issues of Special Education in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Muhammed A. Karal
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Special Education Services ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
History Of Special Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Education In Turkey ◽  
Special Education Laws ◽  
Published Research

The first international declaration of inclusive education through the Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994) underlined the importance and necessity of inclusive practices and recommended that all students should benefit from the same educational approaches in the same environment. In addition to that, growth in field applications, published research papers, the number of trained professionals, and general awareness around students with disabilities triggered the improvement of special education services in Turkey during the last three decades. This article displays a brief history of special education, laws and regulations, the path of special education, and introduces contemporary issues in special education in Turkey. Without recognizing the existing situation and contemporary issues of the field of special education, it is not possible to take steps for planning and obtain better outcomes.

scholarly journals The Implementation of Inclusive Education for Students with Special Needs in Indonesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
, Sunardi ◽  
Mucawir Yusuf ◽  
, Gunarhadi ◽  
, Priyono ◽  
John L. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Students With Special Needs ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
Inclusive Schools ◽  
External Supports

Over the last decade, inclusion has become a world trend in special education. In response to that trend, the Indonesian government has adopted a progressive policy to implement inclusive education. The aim of this research is to describe the implementation process by focusing on the institutional management, student admission/identification/assessment, curriculum, instruction, evaluation, and external supports. The sample consisted of 186 schools with a total student body of 24,412, 12 percent of which (3,419) were students with special needs. In those schools, there were also 34 gifted students (0.1 percent). Of all the students with special education needs (SEN) students, 56 percent were males and 44 percent were females. The results showed, in terms of institutional management, that the majority of inclusive schools had developed strategic plans (for inclusion), legally appointed coordinators, involved related and relevant parties, and conducted regular coordination meetings. However, there were still many schools that had not restructured their school organizations. In terms of student admission/identification/assessment, 54 percent of schools set a quota for SEN students. Only 19 percent applied a selection process in student admission, half of which used different procedures for SEN candidates. Approximately 50 percent of inclusive schools had modified their curriculum, including a variety of standards. In terms of instruction, 68 percent of inclusive schools reported that they modified their instructional process. Only a few schools, however, provided special equipment for students with visual impairment, physical impairment, speech and hearing problems, and autism and gifted and talented students. In a student evaluation, more than 50 percent reported that test items, administration, time allocations, and students’ reports were modified. For the national exam, this number decreased dramatically. Finally, external supports in the forms of funding, coaching, and facilities were mostly provided by provincial governments and by the Directorate of Special Education.

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