Trade, Ethnicity, and Identity in Island Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Y. Andaya
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Monsoon Winds ◽  
East West

Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) consists of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, and the Philippines and was the midway point in the vibrant East–West international maritime trade route that stretched from Europe, Middle East, East Africa, and South Asia to its west; and China, Ryukyu, Japan, and Korea to its east. The favored stop was along the Straits of Melaka, a calm haven protected from the force of the northeast and southwest monsoon winds. The stream of traders in the Straits enabled local ports to develop into international port cities, whose inhabitants created mixed communities and cultures: commodities were re-fashioned or re-packaged into hybrid forms to accommodate the distinctive tastes of different groups, while frequent and lengthy sojourns by traders resulted in liaisons that produced mixed offspring and cultures. Enhanced economic opportunities encouraged mobility and establishment of diaspora communities in the littoral. More sinister were the forced mobility through wars and slavery that produced reconstituted ethnic communities and new ethnicities and identities in the early modern period (c. 1400– c. 1830s).

1. What is Southeast Asia?

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
James R. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
End To End ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

“What is Southeast Asia?” provides a geographical, political, social, and historical overview of each of the eleven nations that make up Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asia is home to hundreds of ethnic groups that are today the citizens of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Island (or maritime) Southeast Asia includes the Malay Peninsula and two huge archipelagos whose even more diverse populations are now citizens of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines. The entire region stretches some 5,000 kilometers from end to end and 4,000 kilometers north to south. It contains 625 million people, around 9% of the world’s population.

Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
World Region

The eleven countries of Southeast Asia are diverse in every way, from the ethnicities and religions of their residents to their political systems and levels of prosperity. These nations—Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei, and East Timor—are each unique, yet shared traditions mean that each country is also typically Southeast Asian. Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction traces the region’s history from the earliest “mandala” kingdoms to the colonial era and the present day. Synthesizing the ideas of leading scholars, it provides an analysis of contemporary Southeast Asia that accommodates its bewildering ethnic, religious, and political complexities while exposing the underlying patterns that make it a unified world region.

New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern human colonisation east of the Sunda Shelf

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (313) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Sunda Shelf ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
New Research ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Southern Route

New dates by which modern humans reached East Timor prompts this very useful update of the colonisation of Island Southeast Asia. The author addresses all the difficult questions: why are the dates for modern humans in Australia earlier than they are in Island Southeast Asia? Which route did they use to get there? If they used the southern route, why or how did they manage to bypass Flores, whereHomo floresiensis, the famous non-sapienshominin known to the world as the ‘hobbit’ was already in residence? New work at the rock shelter of Jerimalai suggests some answers and new research directions.

scholarly journals Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (13) ◽  
pp. e2026132118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Larena ◽  
Federico Sanchez-Quinto ◽  
Per Sjödin ◽  
James McKenna ◽  
Carlo Ebeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
Genetic Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Taiwan Strait

Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region’s complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

Anti-Trafficking in Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ham
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Labor Trafficking

The positioning of Southeast Asia (comprising Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar or Burma, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) as an anti-trafficking hub belies the global relevance of regional patterns. The configurations of anti-trafficking vary across countries; however, the specific trends and patterns hold relevance to the region as a whole. For instance, the research on anti-trafficking in Thailand examines the co-constitutive interactions between the illegibility of human trafficking and the growth of the anti-trafficking industry, particularly in relation to market-based interventions. Critical research on Vietnam offers an instructive analysis of the fusion between humanitarianism and punishment that characterizes “rehabilitation” efforts in anti-trafficking. Research on Singapore and Indonesia considers the function of co-constitutive interactions between the hyper-visibility of sex trafficking and the relative invisibility of labor trafficking. In Indonesia—as a country of origin, transit, and destination—the fractured contours of anti-trafficking responses have produced unexpected or unpredictable interactions, marked by competing understandings of what trafficking is and the accountability of differing governmental bodies. Recent research on the Philippines illustrates the use of gendered surveillance in barring the departure of Filipino nationals as a means of “preventing” human trafficking. These patterns demonstrate the uneasy fusions and alliances among humanitarianism, market economies, law enforcement, and border control that mark responses to human trafficking in Southeast Asia.

A 4000 year-old introduction of domestic pigs into the Philippine Archipelago: implications for understanding routes of human migration through Island Southeast Asia and Wallacea

Antiquity ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (321) ◽  
pp. 687-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Piper ◽  
Hsiao-chun Hung ◽  
Fredeliza Z. Campos ◽  
Peter Bellwood ◽  
Rey Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
New Research

New research into the Neolithic of Island Southeast Asia is broadening the old models and making them more diverse, more human – more like history: people and animals can move through the islands in a multitude of ways. The domestic pig is an important tracker of Neolithic people and practice into the Pacific, and the authors address the controversial matter of whether domestic pigs first reached the islands of Southeast Asia from China via Taiwan or from the neighbouring Vietnamese peninsula. The DNA trajectory read from modern pigs favours Vietnam, but the authors have found well stratified domestic pig in the Philippines dated to c. 4000 BP and associated with cultural material of Taiwan. Thus the perils of relying only on DNA – but are these alternative or additional stories?

An account on the Orthoptera from Siargao Island (Southeast Asia: Philippines: Mindanao)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4609 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MING KAI TAN ◽  
JESSICA B. BAROGA-BARBECHO ◽  
SHERYL A. YAP
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
First Time

Siargao Island is located on the southeastern part of the Philippines. We have very little knowledge on the Orthoptera from this island which is covered with forest over limestone, open vegetation, and mangrove, despite being designated as one of the terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines. We conducted surveys in 2018 to search for orthopterans. In total, thirty-seven species from 34 genera were found. Seventeen species are recorded in Siargao Island for the first time, representing 45.9% of all collected species, thus, validating that orthopterans in the island are indeed overlooked. Out of the 37 species, 21 of these are endemic to the Philippines and 9 are endemic to Siargao Island, hence suggesting that species on the island can be biologically significant..                We also observed that a huge proportion of the species in Siargao Island are fully winged and capable of flight, but most species are small sized. We also provide taxonomic notes and illustrations, including descriptions of the male Segestidea punctipennis Bolívar, 1903 and female Eumecopoda reducta Hebard, 1922 for the first time. We inferred that species from Siargao Island are closely associated with Sundaland and for within Philippines, Mindanao and Luzon. 

Vietnamese Ceramic Trade to the Philippines in the Seventeenth Century

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Nguyen-Long
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence

This paper examines the trade in ceramics from northern Vietnam into island Southeast Asia in the third quarter of the seventeenth century. It focuses on two issues: the question of typology of Vietnamese ceramics and the feasibility of these wares entering the southern Philippines during the years 1663–82. The compilation of an accurate typology has been inhibited by exceedingly brief descriptions in trade records, and the difficulty has been further compounded by the fact that although the Dutch East India Company (VOC) records show Vietnamese ceramics were imported into Batavia and dispersed to regional godowns, no material has yet been reported from either archaeological excavations or accidental finds in island Southeast Asia that can with certainty be ascribed to this era. Furthermore, items proposed in the ceramic literature as wares exported to Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century are, in the face of new evidence, no longer convincing. The typology put forward in this paper is based on VOC trade records and the contemporary literature. It broadly matches material from archaeological sites in Vietnam and in Japan that are from co-eval contexts. Previously untapped archaeological findings from Vietnam contribute a new dimension to this issue.

scholarly journals Early Modern Human Lithic Technology from Jerimalai, East Timor

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Marwick
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithic Technology ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
Strong Resemblance ◽  
Pelagic Fishing

Jerimalai is a rock shelter in East Timor with cultural remains dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in island Southeast Asia. It has special global significance for its record of early pelagic fishing and ancient shell fish hooks. It is also of regional significance for its early occupation and comparatively large assemblage of Pleistocene stone artefacts. Three major findings arise from our study of the stone artefacts. First, there is little change in lithic technology over the 42,000 year sequence, with the most noticeable change being the addition of new artefact types and raw materials in the mid-Holocene. Second, the assemblage is dominated by small chert cores and implements rather than pebble toolsand choppers, a pattern we argue is common in island SE Asian sites as opposed to mainland SE Asian sites. Third, the Jerimalai assemblage bears a striking resemblance to the assemblage from Liang Bua, argued by the Liang Bua excavation team to be associated with Homo floresiensis. We argue that the near proximity of these two islands along the Indonesian Island chain (c.100km apart), the long antiquity of modern human occupation in the region (as documented at Jerimalai), and the strong resemblance of distinctive flake stone technologies seen at both sites, raises the intriguing possibility that both the Liang Bua and Jerimalai assemblages were created by modern humans.

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